The Effect of Defense Spending and Institutional Quality on Income Inequality: Fresh Evidence from Türkiye

Öz

Defense spending, which is purported to be a contributing factor to inequality, has received scant attention in the extant literature. Given Türkye's imperative to allocate resources to defense in order to address security concerns arising from its geographical context, and concurrently, the necessity to curtail income inequality within the nation, a comprehensive understanding of the defense spending and inequality nexus is imperative. This study investigates the effects of defence spending, misery index, growth and institutional quality on income inequality in Türkiye for the period 1988-2023. Using the RALS-ADL cointegration method, the long-run relationship was confirmed. The long-run elasticities indicate a U-shaped relationship between growth and inequality. In addition, misery index and defense spending are found to increase inequality and the effect of institutional quality is insignificant. The existence of a U-shaped relationship implies that growth will increase inequality in the long run. This phenomenon is further exacerbated by an increase in defense spending and a high inflation rate. The fact that the level of institutional quality is far from having an equalizing effect also presents a negative scenario for Türkiye. To mitigate these challenges, it is imperative to enhance social protection expenditures for low-income groups, ensure the efficiency of defense spending, and devise macroeconomic policies that do not engender inflationary pressures in markets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Defense spending
• income inequality
• misery index
• institutional quality

Savunma Harcamaları ve Kurumsal Kalitenin Gelir Eşitsizliğine Etkisi: Türkiye’den Yeni Kanıtlar

Öz

Eşitsizliğe etki eden faktörlerden biri olduğu ileri sürülen savunma harcamaları, ilgili literatürde kısıtlı bir alan kaplamaktadır. Türkiye’nin bulunduğu coğrafyadan kaynaklı olarak karşı karşıya kaldığı güvenlik risklerini azaltmak için savunma harcaması yapmak zorunda olması ve ülke içinde artan gelir eşitsizliği nedeniyle savunma harcamaları ve eşitsizlik bağının anlaşılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 1988-2023 döneminde Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, sefalet endeksi, büyüme ve kurumsal kalitenin gelir eşitsizliğine etkisi araştırılmıştır. RALS-ADL eşbütünleşme yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada uzun dönem ilişkisi doğrulanmıştır. Uzun dönem esneklikleri, büyüme ile eşitsizlik arasında düz U şekilli bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca sefalet endeksi ve savunma harcamalarının eşitsizliği arttırdığı ve kurumsal kalitenin etkisinin anlamsız olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Düz U şekilli ilişkinin varlığı büyümenin uzun vadede eşitsizlik yaratacağını ifade etmektedir. Buna ek olarak eşitsizliğin artan savunma harcamaları ve yüksek enflasyonist süreçle daha da derinleşebileceği öngörülmektedir. Kurumsal kalite düzeyinin eşitleyici etkiden uzak olması da yine Türkiye açısından olumsuz bir tablo ortaya koymaktadır. Düşük gelirli kesime yönelik sosyal koruma harcamalarının arttırılmasının yanında, savunma harcamalarında etkinliğin sağlanması ve makroekonomik politikaların piyasalar üzerinde enflasyonist baskı yaratmayacak şekilde tasarlanması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Savunma harcamaları
• gelir eşitsizliği
• sefalet endeksi
• kurumsal kalite

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