İnternet Bağımlılığı Çerçevesinden Kumar ve Oyun Bileşenleri Üzerine Bir Yazın Taraması

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 5, 123 - 139, 19.07.2021

Özlem Deniz Duman

Öz

Dijital teknolojinin dünyamızı sarıp sarmaladığı günümüzde,
bağımlılık düzeyi de gittikçe farklılaşmakta ve genişlemektedir.
Bu bağımlılık türlerinden biri de internet ve onunla hayat bulan
bileşenleridir. Özellikle gençler arasında yayılan internetin yanlış
ve bağımlılık oluşturacak şekilde aşırı derecede kullanılması,
bu durumun geniş çevreler tarafından davranışsal bağımlılıklardan
biri olarak kabul edilmesine neden olmuştur. Yukarıda
belirtmeye çalıştığımız unsurlar dâhilinde bu çalışma ile internet
ve onun bileşenleri olarak kabul edilen kumar ve oyun gibi bütün bu olguların birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi ortaya koyulmaya
çalışılacaktır. İnternetin ve onun bileşenlerinin bağımlılık
oluşturacak şekilde kullanılması ve bireyin yaşamında önemli
bir yere sahip olması, çalışmanın varsayımını oluşturmaktadır.
Mevcut konu kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak bu alandaki
güncel eserlerden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada internet kullanımı
ile bileşenleri arasında yakın bir ilişki olduğu ve bireyin
problemli internet kullanım riskini gittikçe artırdığı değerlendirmesine
ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnternet, bağımlılık, oyun, kumar, dijital

Kaynakça

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). ABD: American Psychiatric Publishing.
• American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). What is addiction? Retrieved from https://www. psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction/what-is-addiction
• Augenbraun, E. (2014). How real a risk is social media addiction? Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews. com/news/how-real-a-risk-is-social-media addiction/
• Brian, D. N .G. & Hastings, P.W. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychology & Behavıor, 8(2), 110-113.
• Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction a theory of problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communıcatıon Research, 30(6), 625-648.
• Carnes, P. J. (2003). The anatomy of arousal: Three internet portals. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18(3), 309-328.
• Charlton, J. P. & Danforth, I.D.W. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Psychology Journal Articles, 23(3), 1531-1548.
• Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the internet: Surfing into the new millennium. CyberPsycbology & Behavior, 1, 181-187.
• Cotte, J. & Latour, K. A. (2009). Blackjack in the kitchen: Understanding online versus casino gambling. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 742–758.
• Crépault, C. (1993). Une classification des désordres psychosexuels. In Contraception, fertilité et sexualité, 21(2), 177–183.
• Çam, E. & İşbulan, O. (2011). A new addiction for teacher candidates: Social networks. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(3), 14-19.
• Estellon, V. & Mouras, H. (2012). Sexual addiction: Insights from psychoanalysis and functional neuroimaging. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 2(1), 1-13.
• Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). Online gambling addiction: The relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 185–193.
• Gambling Commission. (n.d.). Gambling participation: Activities and mode of access. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/surveydata/Survey-data-on-gambling participation-year-to-December-2014
• Goodman, A. (1993). Diagnosis and treatment of sexual addiction. Journal of Sex and Marital Vjerapy, 19(3), 225–251.
• Green, C.S. & Bavelier, D. (2003). Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature Publishing Group, 423(6939), 534–537.
• Griffiths, M. (1990). The cognitive psychology of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6, 31-41.
• Griffiths, M. D. & Hunt, N. (1998). Dependence on computer games by adolescents. Psychological Reports, 82( 2), 475-480.
• Griffiths, M.D. & Meredith, A. (2009). Videogame addiction and its treatment. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39(4), 247–253.
• Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial Framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197.
• Griffiths, M. D., Binder, J.F. & Kuss, D.J. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966.
• Griffiths, M. D. & Parke, J. (2002). The social impact of internet gambling. Social Science Computer Review, 20, 312-320.
• Hing, N., Gainsbury, S., Russell, A., Wood, R. & Blaszczynski, A. (2013). The impact of internet gambling on gambling problems: A comparison of moderate-risk and problem internet and non-internet gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1-21.
• Keepers, G.A. (1990). Pathological preoccupation with video games. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 49-50.
• Khazaal, Y., Billieux, J., Chanal, J., Rochat, L., Gay, P., Zullino, D. & van der Linden, M. (2011). Psychological predictors of problematic involvement in massively multiplayer online role-playing games: Illustration in a sample of male cybercafe players. Psychopathology, 44(3), 165-171.
• Lejoyeux, M. & Weinstein, A. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277-283.
• McCormack, A. & Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Motivating and inhibiting factors in online gambling behaviour: A grounded theory study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(1), 39-53.
• McCormack, A. & Griffiths, M.D. (2013). A scoping study of the structural and situational characteristics of internet gambling. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, 3(1), 29-49.
• O’Hagan, M. & Mangiron, C. (2013). Game localization: Translating for the global digital entertainment industry. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Peele, S. & Brodsky, A. (1975). Love and addiction. New York: Taplinger.
• PsyCom. (n.d.). Internet addiction disorder. Retrieved from https://www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html
• Rachlin, H. (1990). Why do people gamble and keep gambling despite heavy losses? Psychological Science, 1(5), 294-297.
• Raymond, J.G. (2003). Ten reasons for not legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2, 315-332.
• Reinecke, L. (2009). Games and recovery: The use of video and computer from stress and strain. Journal of Media Psychology, 21(3), 126-142.
• Salguero, R.A.T. & Morán, R.M.B. (2002). Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents. Addiction, 97(12), 1601-1606.
• Seifi, A., Ayati, M. & Fadaei, M. (2014). The study of the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress among students of Islamic Azad University of Birjand.
• International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 3(12), 28-32.
• Schneider, J.P. (2000). A qualitative study of cybersex participants: Gender differences, recovery issues and implications for therapists. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 7(4), 249-278.
• Turkle, S. (1995). Life behind the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster. Van Rooij, A.J. (2011). Exploring a new phenomenon. Rotterdam Erasmus University.
• Vaghefi, I. & Lapointe, L. (2014). When too much usage is too much: Exploring the process of it addiction. Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IEEE, 4494-4503.
• Yased, Information and Communication Technologies on the Road to 2023. (2012). Retrieved from http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/23989/1/YASED_Deloitte_2023_ict_on_the_road_ to_2023_targets.pdf
• Yee, N. (2006). The demographics, motivations and derived experiences of users of massively multi- user online graphical environments. Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(3), 309-329.
• Young, K. S. (1998a). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
• Young, K. S. (1998b). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: John Wiley.
• Young, K.S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671-679.
• Walker, M.B. (1989). Some problems with the concept of “gambling addiction”: Should theories of addiction be generalized to include excessive gambling? Journal of Gambling Behavior, 5(3), 179-200.
• Wan, C. & Chiou, W. (2006). Psychological motives and online games addiction: A test of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese Adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(3), 317-324.
• Wardle, H., Sproston, K., Orford, J., Erens, B., Griffiths, M.D., Constantine, R. & Pigott, S. (2007). The British gambling prevalence survey. London: The Stationery Office.
• WebPsychologist. (n.d.). Internet addiction: Causes, risk factors and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.webpsychologist.net/internet-addiction-causesrisk-factors-and-treatment/
• Wood, R.T.A. (2008). Problems with the concept of video game “Addiction”: Some case study examples. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(2), 169-178.