Evaluation of Cloze Procedure Skills of Hearing-Impaired and Normally-Hearing Students

Öz

The purpose of the present study was to examine the fill-in-the-blanks skills of students with cochlear implant and those of normally-hearing students. 24 students with cochlear implant and 24 hearing students participated in the study. The research data were collected via the stories found in the Informal Reading Inventory-IRI. The research results demonstrated that the students with cochlear implant were able to write down words in the blanks within the text as appropriate to the syntax and semantic features of a sentence; that the hearing students and those with cochlear implant made similar types of mistakes while filling the blanks; and that the students with cochlear implant made more mistakes than the hearing students did.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cloze procedures, reading comprehension, cochlear implants, Natural Auditory/Oral Approach

İşitme Engelli Öğrenciler İle İşiten Öğrencilerin Boşluk Doldurma Becerilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Okuduğunu anlamayı değerlendirmede kullanılan boşluk doldurma becerisi, metinden anlam çıkarmak için kullanılan beceri ve stratejiler hakkında önemli bilgiler vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, koklear implantlı öğrenciler ile işiten öğrencilerin boşluk doldurma becerilerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya, 24 koklear implantlı öğrenci ile 24 işiten öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri Formel Olmayan Okuma Envanteri’nde yer alan öyküler kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, koklear implantlı öğrencilerin metindeki boşluklara cümlenin sözdizimi ve anlamına uygun sözcükler yazabildiklerini, koklear implantlı öğrenciler ile işiten öğrencilerin boşluk doldurmadaki hata türlerinin benzer olduğunu, koklear implantlı öğrencilerin hata sayılarının işiten öğrencilerden fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak erken yaşlarda cihazlandırılan, yoğun bir şekilde uygulanan Doğal İşitsel/Sözel eğitim alan ve erken yaşta koklear implant uygulanan öğrencilerin boşluk doldurmada hata sayıları işiten yaşıtlarıyla benzerlik göstermiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Boşluk doldurma, okuduğunu anlama, koklear implant, Doğal İşitsel/Sözel Yaklaşım

Kaynakça

1. Caldwell, J. ve Leslie, L. (2005). Intervention strategies to follow informal reading inventory assessment: So what do I do now? Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Cash, M. M. ve Schumm, J. S. (2006). Reading assessment and instruction for all learners. J. S. Schumm (Ed.), Making sense of knowledge: Comprehending expository text (pp. 262-96). New York: The Guilford Press.
3. Chute, P. M. ve Nevins, M. E. (2003). Educational challenges for children with cochlear implants. Topics in Language Disorders, 23(1), 57-67.
4. Connor, C. M. ve Zwolan, T. A. (2004). Examining multiple sources of influence on the reading comprehension skills of children who use cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 509-526.
5. Cooter, R. B. ve Flynt, E. S. (1996). Teaching reading in the content areas: Developing content literacy for all students. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
6. Geers, A. E. (2002). Factors affecting the development of speech, language, and literacy in children with early cochlear implantation. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 33, 1721
7. Geers, A. E. ve Brenner, C. (2004). Educational intervention and outcomes of early cochlear implantation. International Congress Series 1273, 405-408.
8. Geers, A. E., Nicholas, J. G. ve Moog, J. S. (2007). Estimating the influence of cochlear implantation on language development in children. Audiological Medicine, 5, 262-273.

9. Gillet, J. W., Temple, C. ve Crawford, A. (2008). Understanding reading problems: Assessment and instruction (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
10. Girgin, Ü. (1999). Eskişehir ili ilkokulları 4. ve 5. sınıf işitme engelli öğrencilerinin okumayı öğrenme durumlarının çözümleme ve anlama düzeylerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
11. Girgin, Ü. (2006). Evaluation of Turkish hearing impaired students’ reading comprehension with the miscue analysis inventory. International Journal of Special Education, 21(3), 68-84.
12. Girgin, Ü. (2007). Evaluation of hearing impaired student's reading comprehension with the cloze procedure. 7th International Educational Technology (IETC) Conference, 03 Mayıs, Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
13. Goldin-Meadow, S. ve Mayberry, R. I. (2001). How do profoundly deaf children learn to read? Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16(4), 222-229.
14. Gunning, T. G. (2003). Creating literacy instruction for all children (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
15. Hayes, P. ve Arnold, P. (1992). Is hearing-impaired children’s reading delayed or different? Journal of Research in Reading, 15(2), 104-116.
16. Heilman, A. W., Blair, T. R. ve Rupley, W. H. (2002). Principles and practices of teaching reading (10th ed.). New Jersey: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
17. Hoggan, K. C. ve Strong, C. J. (1994). The magic of “once upon a time”: Narrative teaching strategies. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 25, 76-89.
18. Johnson, C. ve Goswami, U. (2010). Phonological awareness, vocabulary, and reading in deaf children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 2372
19. Karasu, H. P., Girgin, Ü. ve Uzuner, Y. (baskıda). Okuma becerilerini değerlendirmede Formel Olmayan Okuma Envanteri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Kyle, F. E. ve Harris, M. (2010). Predictors of reading development in deaf children: A 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 229-243.
20. Legenze, A. ve Elijah, D. (1979). The cloze procedure: Some new applications. Journal of Educational Research, 72(6), 351-355.
21. Leslie, L. ve Caldwell, J. (2006). Qualitative reading inventory-4 (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
22. Marschark, M., ve Spencer, P. E. (2003). Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language,and education. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press.
23. Marschark, M., Rhoten, C. ve Fabich, M. (2007). Effects of cochlear implants on children’s reading and academic achievement. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12(3), 269-282.
24. McKenna, M. C. ve Stahl, S. A. (2003). Assessment for reading instruction. New York: The Gulford Press.
25. McKinley, A. M. ve Warren, S. F. (2000). The effectiveness of cochlear implants for children with prelingual deafness. Journal of Early Intervention, 23(4), 252-263.
26. McLoughlin, J. A. ve Lewis, R. B. (2004). Özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin ölçümlenmesi (4. baskı). (F. Gencer, Çev.). Ankara: Gündüz Eğitim ve Yayıncılık.
27. Nelson, L. J. (2008). Academic achievement of children with cochlear implants. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, The University of Utah, Utah.
28. Paul, P. V. (1997). Readig for students with hearing impairments: Research review and implications. Volta Review, 99(2), 73-87.
29. Paul, P. V. (2001). Language and deafness (3rd ed.). San Diego: Singular Thomson Learning.
30. Pearson, P.D. ve Hamm, D. N. (2005). The assessment of reading comprehension: A review of practices-past, present, and future. S. G. Paris ve S. A. Stahl (Eds.). Children’s reading comprehension and assessment (pp. 13-69). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Schirmer, B. R. ve Woolsey, L. (1997). Effect of teacher questions on the reading comprehension of deaf children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2(1), 47-56.
31. Schirmer, B. R. (2000). Language and literacy development in children who are deaf (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
32. Schirmer, B. R., Bailey, J. ve Lockman, A. S. (2004). What verbal protocols reveal about the reading strategies of deaf students: A replication study. American Annals of the Deaf, 149(1), 5-16. Sharp, A. (2004). Strategies and predilections in reading expository text: The importance of text patterns. Regional Language Centre Journal, 35(3), 329-349.
33. Spencer, L.J., Barker, B. A. ve Tomblin, J. B. (2003). Exploring the language and literacy outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 24(3), 236-47.
34. Temple, C., Crawford, A. ve Gillet, J. W. (2009). Developmental literacy inventory. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
35. Thackwell, R. (1992). Reading evaluation. Christchurch: van Asch College.
36. Turan, Z. (2006). Doğuştan işitme kayıplı çocuklarda koklear implant uygulamaları: Gelişimi etkileyen faktörler ve ameliyat öncesi değerlendirme. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 5158.
37. Uzuner, Y. (2008). İlk okuma yazma öğretiminde ölçme değerlendirme. G. Can (Ed.). İlk okuma ve yazma öğretimi (ss. 209-237). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
38. Yurkowski, P. ve Ewoldt, C. (1986). A case for the semantic processing of the deaf reader. American Annals of the Deaf, 131(3), 243-24