Are They Emerging Adults or Emerging Adults Who Are University Students? An Investigation Through Risk Taking and Identity Development

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to make comparison among university students, high school students and nonstudent groups according to evaluation of themselves as adult, identity dimensions and risk taking behavior.The research group consisted of 506 ( 235 female, 271 male) participants. 175 of them are high school students, 182 university of them are students and the 154 are nonstudents. To collect data The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale and Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire were used. To analyze data One-way ANOVA test was used. According to results, there are significant differences among high school sdudents, university students and nonstudents groups. The results also revealed that nonstudent group didn’t showed charecteristic of emerging adulthood period.

Keywords

• Emerging adulthood, Identity development, Risk taking, University

Beliren Yetişkinler mi, Beliren Üniversiteli Yetişkinler mi? Risk Alma ve Kimlik Biçimlenmesi Üzerinden Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı lise öğrencilerini, üniversite öğrencilerini ve öğrenci olmayan bireyleri kendilerini yetişkin olarak değerlendirip değerlendirmedikleri, kimlik boyutları ve risk alma davranışı açısından karşılaştırmaktır.Bu çalışmanın araştırma grubunu lise öğrencisi olan 170 kişi, üniversite öğrencisi olan 182 kişi ve öğrenci olmayan 154 kişi olmak üzere toplam 506 kişi (235 kadın, 271 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada verilerin toplanmasında Kimlik Gelişimin Boyutları Ölçeği ve Ergenlerde Risk Alma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları liseli, üniversiteli ve öğrenci olmayan gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuçlar ayrıca öğrenci olmayan grubun beliren yetişkinlik döneminin özelliklerini yansıtmadığını göstermiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beliren yetişkinlik, Kimlik gelişimi, Risk alma, Üniversite

Kaynakça

1. Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Munro, G., Doherty-Poirer, M. & Edwards, J. (2004). Identity processing styles and Canadian adolescents’ self reported delinquency. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 5, 57–65
2. Archer, S. L. & Waterman, A. S. (1990). Varieties of identity diffusions and foreclosure: An exploration of subcategories of the identity statuses. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 96–111.
3. Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
4. Arnett, J.J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: perspectives from adolescenceto midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 133-143.
5. Arnett, J.J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. In: J.J. Arnett and N.L. Galambos, eds. New directions for child and adolescent development: cultural conceptions of the transition to adulthood (No. 100). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 63-75.
6. Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Arnett, J.J. (2006). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 111-123. Arnett, J.J. (2007). Emerging Adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives. 1, 68-73.
8. Arnett, J.J., Ramos, K.D. & Jensen, L.A. (2001). Ideological views in emerging adulthood: Balancing autonomy and community. Journal of Adult Development, 8: 26-34.

9. Atak, H. (2005). Beliren yetişkinlik: Yeni bir yaşam döneminin Türkiye’de incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
10. Atak, H. & Çok, F. (2007). Emerging adulthood and perceived adulthood in Turkey, 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ, USA, 15-16.
11. Atak, H. & Çok, F. (2008). The Turkish version of inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (The IDEA), International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 148-154.
12. Atak, H. (2011). Yetişkinliğe aşamalı geçiş: Beliren yetişkinlik tek bir ana yol mu?. İlköğretim Online, 10, 51-67.
13. Atak, H. & Taştan, N. (2012). Agency in the emerging adulthood period: An introductory study in Turkey. European Journal of Social Sciences, 32, 97-107.
14. Atak, H. & Çok, F. (2012). Transition to adulthood and its’ correlates in Turkey. Paper presented at the invited sympsium titled “Transition to adulthood around the Mediterranean. at 13.th EARA Conference, Spetses Island, Greece.
15. Bukobza, G. (2009). Relations between rebelliousness, risk-taking behavior, and ıdentity status during emerging adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 159 – 177.
16. Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life course: the case for emerging adulthood?. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 367-384.
17. Bynner, J. (2008). Transitions to adulthood in a changing world: consequences for individuals and society from a British perspective. Invited Symposium Paper, XI EARA Conference, Torino, Italy.
18. Cheah, C.S.L. & Nelson, L.J. (2004). The role of acculturation in the emerging adulthood of aboriginal college students. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 28, 495-507.
19. Doğan-Ateş, A., Cebioğlu, S., Erdoğan, E., & Tekin, M. (2007). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among Turkish emerging adults. Poster presented at the 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, Arizona.
20. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
21. Esen, B. (2003). Akran düzeyleri ve cinsiyetlerine göre öğrencilerin risk alma davranışı ve okul başarısının incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2, 17-26.
22. Eryılmaz, A. & Atak, H. (2008). Ready or not? Markers of starting romantic ıntimacy at emerging adulthood: The Turkish experience, International Journal of Social Sciences 4;1 31-37.
23. Facio, A. & Micocci, F. (2003). Emerging adulthood in Argentina. In: J.J. Arnett and N.L. Galambos, eds. New directions for child and adolescent development: cultural conceptions of the transition to adulthood (No. 100). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 21-31.
24. Grier, L. K. (1997). Identity status and identity style among African American juvenile delinquents: Implications for rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 26, 53–66.
25. Gullone, E., Moore, S., Moss, S. & Boyd, C. (2000). The adolescent risk – taking questionnaire: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 231-251.
26. Heinz, W.R. (2007). Social pathways from youth to adulthood: the many faces of emerging adulthood. Invited Symposium Paper, 3rd Emerging Adulthood Conference, Tucson, Arizona..
27. Hendry, L. B. & Kloep, M. (2007a). Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the Emperor’s new clothes? Child Development Perspectives, 2, 74–79.
28. Hendry, L. B. & Kloep, M. (2007b). Redressing the Emperor!-A rejoinder to Arnett. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 83–85.
29. Hendry, L. B. & Kloep, M. (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An Emprical example. Journal of Youth Studies, 13, 169-179.
30. İlhan, T. & Özdemir, Y. (2012). Beliren yetişkinlerde yaş, cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin kimlik statüleri üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 227-2
31. Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I. & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing Ruminative Exploration: Extending the Four-Dimensional Model of Identity Formation in Late Adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42; 58–82.
32. Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L. & Pollock, S. (2008b). Employment, Sense of Coherence, and Identity Formation: Contextual and Psychological Processes on the Pathway to Sense of Adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 566–591.
33. Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L. & Soenens, B. (2008c). The Relationship between Identity Development and Adjustment in the Transition to Adulthood: Variable-Centered and Person Centered Approaches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18,595–619.
34. Jones, R. M. (1992). Ego identity and adolescent problem behavior. In G. Adams, T. Gullotta, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation: Advances in adolescent development (Vol. 4, pp.216–233). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. Jones, R. M. & Hartmann, B. R. (1988). Ego identity: Developmental differences and experimental substance use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 11, 347–360.
36. Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley.
37. Marcia, J. E. (1994). Ego Identity and Object Relations. In J. M. Masling and R. F. Bornstein (Eds), Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.
38. Mayseless, O. & Scharf, M., (2003). What does it mean to be an adult? The Israeli experience. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 100, 5-20.
39. Mitchell, B.A. (2006). Changing courses: the pendulum of family transitions in comparative perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37, 325-343.
40. Morsünbül, Ü. (2011). Ergenlikte özerkliğin ve kimlik biçimlenmesinin öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
41. Morsünbül, Ü. (Baskıda). Ergenlikte kimlik statüleri ve risk alma arasındaki ilişki. İlköğretim Online. Nelson, L.J., Badger, S. & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood: perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 28, 26-36.
42. Schulenberg, J.E. & Zarrett, N.R. (2005). Mental health during emerging adulthood: Continuity and discontinuity in courses, causes, and functions, Washington DC US: American Psychological Association.
43. Schwartz, S. J., Côté, J. E.& Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth & Society. 37, 201-229.
44. Steinberg, L. (2007). Ergenlik. (Yay. Haz. F.Çok), Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
45. White, H.R.& Jackson, K. (2005). Social and psychological influences on emerging adult drinking behaviour. Health Research, 28: 182-190.