Intelligence and Its Relationship to Achievement

Abstract

Intelligence and achievement are two different, but interrelated, constructs and have been studied for over a century in an attempt to explain differences in educational and life outcomes. An enhanced understanding of the relationship between intelligence, both verbal and nonverbal, and achievement may contribute to improving the identification of gifted and talented children, particularly those from low SES populations. This comprehensive literature review examines the link between intelligence and achievement. It also provides a brief summary of selected psychometric theories of intelligence, including the Cattell-Horn Fluid and Crystallized theory of intelligence and Carroll’s three-stratum model of human intelligence. In attempt to gather all relevant scholarly literature, several procedures were used. A search of the key terms in the ERIC, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases was performed. In addition, the reference lists from these articles were examined to find additional articles and literature. To conclude, assessment of intelligence is one of the essential criteria for the identification of gifted and talented students. Verbal and nonverbal abilities can be assessed by many contemporary intelligence tests. The literature evidences that verbal abilities have stronger correlation with academic achievement than nonverbal abilities. Furthermore, verbal abilities are related to readiness to learn while nonverbal abilities are related to potential to learn. If intelligence scores are used to predict any kind of future academic performance, both verbal (readiness) and nonverbal (potential) abilities should be evaluated. Besides, in order to identify gifted and talented students, assessment of verbal abilities should accompany with the assessment of nonverbal abilities so that they will be able to survive in advanced academic programs.

Keywords

• Intelligence, achievement, intelligence achievement relationship, theories of intelligence, gifted identification, literature review, testing

Zekâ ve Akademik Başarı Arasındaki İlişkisi

Öz

Bu kapsamlı literatür taraması zeka ve akademik başarı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Ayrıca seçilmiş psikometrik zekâ kuramları hakkında da bir özet sunmaktadır. Bu taramada ilgili literatüre ulaşmak için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmıştır. ERIC, PsycINFO ve Google Akademik’te belirlenmiş anahtar kelimelerle aramalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen literatüre göre, sözel yeteneklerin akademik başarı ile olan ilişkisi sözel olmayan yeteneklerinkinden daha güçlüdür. Bunun ötesinde, sözel yetenekler öğrenmeye hazırbulunuşluk ile ilişkiliyken, sözel olmayan yetenekler öğrenme potansiyeli ile ilişkilidir. Zekâ puanları gelecekteki herhangi bir akademik performansı yordamak için kullanılacaksa, sözel ve sözel olmayan zekâ puanları birlikte değerlendirilmelidir. Ayrıca, üstün zekâlı ve yetenekli öğrencilerin tanılanmasında, sözel zekâ puanları sözel olmayan zekâ puanları ile birlikte kullanılmalıdır ki, bu öğrenciler yerleştirildikleri ileri seviye programlarda başarılı olabilsinler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zeka, akademik başarı, zeka ve akademik başarı ilişkisi, zeka kuramları, üstün zekalıların tanılanması, literatür taraması, test

Kaynakça

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