Parental Attachment, School Attachment and Life Satisfaction in Early Adolescence
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 836 - 848, 26.06.2013
Yalçın Özdemir
,
Nermin Koruklu
Öz
This study examined the relationships between parental attachments, school attachments and life satisfaction, and whether school attachment served as a mediator between parental attachment and life satisfaction in a sample of early adolescents (n= 153; mean age= 12.71 years). Results indicated that both maternal and paternal attachment positively related to life satisfaction; among the school attachment dimensions only attachment to teacher associated with life satisfaction of adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses provided evidence that school attachment partially mediated the link between parental attachment and life satisfaction for both maternal and paternal models. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.
Kaynakça
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. C. M. Parkes & J. S. Hinde (Ed), The place of attachment in human behavior içinde (ss. 3-30). London: Tavistock Publications. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44,709-16.
- Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.
- Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos 18 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Amos Development Corporation.
- Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995.) The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
- Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı: ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24 (63), 48-63.
- Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 2382
- Black, K. A., & McCartney, K. (1997). Adolescent females’ security with parents predicts the quality of peer interactions. Social Development, 6, 91-110.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Tavistock.
- Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In, K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds), Testing structural equation models (pp. 36–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Catalano, R., Haggerty, K., Oesterle, S., Fleming, C., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The importance of bonding to school for healthy development: Findings from the social development research group. Journal of School Health, 74, 252-261.
- Crosnoe, R., Johnson, M., & Elder, G. (2004). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student–teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 77, 60-81. Çivitci, A. (2007). Çokboyutlu öğrenci yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 26,5-60.
- Çivitci, A. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumu: Bazı kişisel ve ailesel özelliklerin rolü. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, XXII (1), 29-52.
- Davis, H. (2006). Exploring the contexts of relationship quality between middle school students and teachers. The Elementary School Journal, 106, 193-223.
- Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
- Demaray, M., Malecki, C., Rueger, S., Brown, S., & Summers, K. (2009). The role of youth's ratings of the importance of socially supportive behaviors in the relationship between social support and self-concept. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 13-28.
- Dew, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1994). Adolescents’ perceived quality of life: An exploratory investigation. Journal of SchoolPsychology, 32, 185-199.
- Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
- Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13 (1), 81-84.
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
- Freeman, H., & Brown, B. (2001). Primary attachment to parents and peers during adolescence: Differences by attachment style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 653-674.
- Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 148-162.
- Gilman, R. S., & Huebner, E. S. (1997). Children’s reports of their life satisfaction: Convergence across raters, time, and response formats. School Psychology International, 18, 229-243.
- Gilman, R. & Huebner, E. S. (2003). A review of life satisfaction research with children and youth. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 192-205.
- Gilman, R. & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 311-319.
- Greenberg, M., Siegel, J., & Leitch, C. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 373 – 386.
- Greenspoon, P. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2001). Toward an integration of subjective wellbeing and psychopathology. Social Indicators Research, 54, 81-108.
- Günaydın, G., Selçuk, E., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri Kısa Formunun psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8, 13
- Hill L. G. (2005). Investigation of a brief measure of school attachment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- Huebner, E. S. (1991a). Initial development of the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale. School Psychology International, 12, 231-240.
- Huebner, E. S. (1991b). Correlates of life satisfaction in children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6, 103 –
- Huebner, E. S. (1994). Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children. Psychological Assessment, 6, 149-158.
- Huebner, E. S., Drane, W., & Valois, R. F. (2000). Levels and demographic correlates of adolescent life satisfaction reports. School Psychology International, 21, 281-292.
- Huebner, E. S., Gilman, R., & Laughlin, J. E. (1999). A multimethod investigation of the multidimensionality of children’s well-being reports: Discriminant validity of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Social Indicators Research, 46 (1), 1-22.
- Huebner, E. S., Suldo, S. M., Smith, L. C., & McKnight, C. G. (2004). Life satisfaction in children and youth: Empirical foundations and implications for school psychologists (Special issue). Psychology in the Schools, 41, 81-93.
- Konu, A., Lintonen, T. & Rimpelä, M. (2002). Factors associated with school children’s general subjective well-being. Health Education Research, 17(2), 155-165.
- Kumru, A. (2002). Prosocial behavior within the family context and its correlates among Turkish early adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nebraska University, Nebraska.
- Lieberman, M., Doyle, A., & Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns of security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70, 202-213.
- Löker, Ö. (1999). Differential effects of parent and peer attachment on social and emotional loneliness among adolescents. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools, 45(2), 177-190.
- Nickerson, A., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 66, 35 -60.
- Nickerson, A., & Nagle, R. J. (2005). Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 223 – 249.
- Patrick, H., Ryan, A., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early adolescents' perceptions of the classroom social environment, motivational beliefs, and engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 83Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21 (4), 471-485. Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 511-537.
- Rice, K. G., Cunningham, T. J., & Young, M. B. (1997). Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: A comparison of black and white late adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 89-101.
- Roeser, R., Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (1996). Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 408-422.
- Rubin, K. H., Dwyer, K. M., Booth-LaForce, C. L., Kim, A. H., Burgess, K. B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004). Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 326-356.
- Rudasill, K., Reio, T., Stipanovic, N., & Taylor, J. (2010). A longitudinal study of student–teacher relationship quality, difficult temperament, and risky behavior from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 389- 412.
- Rueger, S., Malecki, C., & Demaray, M. (2010). Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Comparisons across gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 47- 61.
- Savi, F. (2011). Çocuk ve ergenler için okula Bağlanma ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İlköğretim Online, 10(1), 80- 90.
- Savi Cakar, F. (2011). School attachment and quality of life in children and adolescents of elementary school In Turkey. Educational Research, 1(9), 1465-1471.
- Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Pscyhologist, 55 (1), 5- 4.
- Suldo, S.M., & Shaffer, E. J. (2008). Looking beyond psychopathology:The dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37, 52- 68.
- Suldo, S., Friedrich, A., White, T., Farmer, J., Minch, D., & Michalowski, J. (2009). Teacher support and adolescents' subjective wellbeing: A mixed-methods investigation. School Psychology Review, 38, 67- 85.
- Terzi, Ş., & Cihangir Çankaya, Z. (2009). Bağlanma stillerinin öznel iyi olmayı ve stresle başa çıkma tutumlarını yordama gücü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (31), 1-11.
- Trinke, S., & Bartholomew, K. (1997). Attachment hierarchies in young adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 603- 625.
- Van Ryzin, M., Gravely, A., & Roseth, C. (2009). Autonomy, belongingness, and engagement in school as contributors to adolescent psychological well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1-12.
- Vidourek, R. A., King, K. A., Bernard, A. L., Murnan, J., & Nabors, L. (2011). Teachers’ strategies to positively connect students to school. American Journal of Health Education, 42(2),116- 126. Voisin, D., Salazar, L., Crosby, R., Diclemente, R., Yarber, W., & Staples-Horne, M. (2005). Teacher connectedness and health-related outcomes among detained adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 17- 23.
- Way, N., Reddy, R., & Rhodes, J. (2007). Students’ perceptions of school climate during the middle school years: Associations with trajectories of psychological and behavioral adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 194- 213.
- You, S., Furlong, M. J., Felix, E., Sharkey, J. D., Tanigawa, D., & Green, J. G. (2008). Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 446- 460.
İlk Ergenlikte Ana-Babaya Bağlanma, Okula Bağlanma ve Yaşam Doyumu
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 836 - 848, 26.06.2013
Yalçın Özdemir
,
Nermin Koruklu
Öz
Bu çalışmada ana-babaya bağlanma, okula bağlanma ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkiler ve
okula bağlanmanın ana-babaya bağlanma ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki aracı rolü incelenmiştir.
Araştırmaya ilk ergenlik dönemindeki 153 ergen katılmıştır ve katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 12.71’dir.
Sonuçlar hem anne hem de babaya bağlanmanın yaşam doyumu ile olumlu ilişkili olduğunu; okula
bağlanma boyutlarından ise sadece öğretmene bağlanmanın ergenlerin yaşam doyumu ile olumlu ilişki
gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Çoklu regresyon analizi hem anne hem de babaya bağlanma için
kurulan modellerde okula bağlanmanın ana-babaya bağlanma ile yaşam doyumu arasında kısmi
aracılık rolü olduğu yönünde kanıt sağlamıştır. Önleme programları için öneriler tartışılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. C. M. Parkes & J. S. Hinde (Ed), The place of attachment in human behavior içinde (ss. 3-30). London: Tavistock Publications. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44,709-16.
- Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.
- Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos 18 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Amos Development Corporation.
- Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995.) The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
- Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı: ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24 (63), 48-63.
- Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 2382
- Black, K. A., & McCartney, K. (1997). Adolescent females’ security with parents predicts the quality of peer interactions. Social Development, 6, 91-110.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Tavistock.
- Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In, K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds), Testing structural equation models (pp. 36–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Catalano, R., Haggerty, K., Oesterle, S., Fleming, C., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The importance of bonding to school for healthy development: Findings from the social development research group. Journal of School Health, 74, 252-261.
- Crosnoe, R., Johnson, M., & Elder, G. (2004). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student–teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 77, 60-81. Çivitci, A. (2007). Çokboyutlu öğrenci yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 26,5-60.
- Çivitci, A. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumu: Bazı kişisel ve ailesel özelliklerin rolü. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, XXII (1), 29-52.
- Davis, H. (2006). Exploring the contexts of relationship quality between middle school students and teachers. The Elementary School Journal, 106, 193-223.
- Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
- Demaray, M., Malecki, C., Rueger, S., Brown, S., & Summers, K. (2009). The role of youth's ratings of the importance of socially supportive behaviors in the relationship between social support and self-concept. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 13-28.
- Dew, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1994). Adolescents’ perceived quality of life: An exploratory investigation. Journal of SchoolPsychology, 32, 185-199.
- Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
- Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13 (1), 81-84.
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
- Freeman, H., & Brown, B. (2001). Primary attachment to parents and peers during adolescence: Differences by attachment style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 653-674.
- Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 148-162.
- Gilman, R. S., & Huebner, E. S. (1997). Children’s reports of their life satisfaction: Convergence across raters, time, and response formats. School Psychology International, 18, 229-243.
- Gilman, R. & Huebner, E. S. (2003). A review of life satisfaction research with children and youth. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 192-205.
- Gilman, R. & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 311-319.
- Greenberg, M., Siegel, J., & Leitch, C. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 373 – 386.
- Greenspoon, P. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2001). Toward an integration of subjective wellbeing and psychopathology. Social Indicators Research, 54, 81-108.
- Günaydın, G., Selçuk, E., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri Kısa Formunun psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8, 13
- Hill L. G. (2005). Investigation of a brief measure of school attachment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- Huebner, E. S. (1991a). Initial development of the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale. School Psychology International, 12, 231-240.
- Huebner, E. S. (1991b). Correlates of life satisfaction in children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6, 103 –
- Huebner, E. S. (1994). Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children. Psychological Assessment, 6, 149-158.
- Huebner, E. S., Drane, W., & Valois, R. F. (2000). Levels and demographic correlates of adolescent life satisfaction reports. School Psychology International, 21, 281-292.
- Huebner, E. S., Gilman, R., & Laughlin, J. E. (1999). A multimethod investigation of the multidimensionality of children’s well-being reports: Discriminant validity of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Social Indicators Research, 46 (1), 1-22.
- Huebner, E. S., Suldo, S. M., Smith, L. C., & McKnight, C. G. (2004). Life satisfaction in children and youth: Empirical foundations and implications for school psychologists (Special issue). Psychology in the Schools, 41, 81-93.
- Konu, A., Lintonen, T. & Rimpelä, M. (2002). Factors associated with school children’s general subjective well-being. Health Education Research, 17(2), 155-165.
- Kumru, A. (2002). Prosocial behavior within the family context and its correlates among Turkish early adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nebraska University, Nebraska.
- Lieberman, M., Doyle, A., & Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns of security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70, 202-213.
- Löker, Ö. (1999). Differential effects of parent and peer attachment on social and emotional loneliness among adolescents. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools, 45(2), 177-190.
- Nickerson, A., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 66, 35 -60.
- Nickerson, A., & Nagle, R. J. (2005). Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 223 – 249.
- Patrick, H., Ryan, A., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early adolescents' perceptions of the classroom social environment, motivational beliefs, and engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 83Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21 (4), 471-485. Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 511-537.
- Rice, K. G., Cunningham, T. J., & Young, M. B. (1997). Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: A comparison of black and white late adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 89-101.
- Roeser, R., Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (1996). Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 408-422.
- Rubin, K. H., Dwyer, K. M., Booth-LaForce, C. L., Kim, A. H., Burgess, K. B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004). Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 326-356.
- Rudasill, K., Reio, T., Stipanovic, N., & Taylor, J. (2010). A longitudinal study of student–teacher relationship quality, difficult temperament, and risky behavior from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 389- 412.
- Rueger, S., Malecki, C., & Demaray, M. (2010). Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Comparisons across gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 47- 61.
- Savi, F. (2011). Çocuk ve ergenler için okula Bağlanma ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İlköğretim Online, 10(1), 80- 90.
- Savi Cakar, F. (2011). School attachment and quality of life in children and adolescents of elementary school In Turkey. Educational Research, 1(9), 1465-1471.
- Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Pscyhologist, 55 (1), 5- 4.
- Suldo, S.M., & Shaffer, E. J. (2008). Looking beyond psychopathology:The dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37, 52- 68.
- Suldo, S., Friedrich, A., White, T., Farmer, J., Minch, D., & Michalowski, J. (2009). Teacher support and adolescents' subjective wellbeing: A mixed-methods investigation. School Psychology Review, 38, 67- 85.
- Terzi, Ş., & Cihangir Çankaya, Z. (2009). Bağlanma stillerinin öznel iyi olmayı ve stresle başa çıkma tutumlarını yordama gücü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (31), 1-11.
- Trinke, S., & Bartholomew, K. (1997). Attachment hierarchies in young adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 603- 625.
- Van Ryzin, M., Gravely, A., & Roseth, C. (2009). Autonomy, belongingness, and engagement in school as contributors to adolescent psychological well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1-12.
- Vidourek, R. A., King, K. A., Bernard, A. L., Murnan, J., & Nabors, L. (2011). Teachers’ strategies to positively connect students to school. American Journal of Health Education, 42(2),116- 126. Voisin, D., Salazar, L., Crosby, R., Diclemente, R., Yarber, W., & Staples-Horne, M. (2005). Teacher connectedness and health-related outcomes among detained adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 17- 23.
- Way, N., Reddy, R., & Rhodes, J. (2007). Students’ perceptions of school climate during the middle school years: Associations with trajectories of psychological and behavioral adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 194- 213.
- You, S., Furlong, M. J., Felix, E., Sharkey, J. D., Tanigawa, D., & Green, J. G. (2008). Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 446- 460.