Features of Islamic Inheritance Law

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 203 - 224, 31.12.2018

Hilal Özay

https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.475629

Cited By: 4

Öz

Abstract

Islamic law is the totality of the rules governing the connection of the
Creator, himself, with other people and things, while the person is alive and
after his death. These rules are intended
to protect his rights and to report his responsibilities. Some of the rules that take into account the
physical characteristics and needs of man from creation, provide justice and
balance,  prevent hostility, are for in
life while others are after death. How much of the property will be given to the
people after the death of the deceased is determined under the provisions of
the nheritance. The provisions of the inheritance have been included in Islamic
heritage law mostly under the headings “kitabu'l-feraiz” or “kitabu'l-mawaris”
as well as “wills” and “Kismet”. The subject of this article is the property
of Islamic heritage law based on the provisions given about the property of the
person. Although every legal system has common points
such as rights, justice and balancing, it has its characteristic features that
are different from the other legal systems because of the different sources and
interlocutors of the Islamic heritage law. These features, regardless of time
and space, contain many compassion and
wisdom for every society and individual.

Summary

Islamic law is the totality of the rules governing the
connection of the Creator, himself, with other people and things, while the
person is alive and after his death. These rules are intended to protect his
rights and to report his responsibilities. Some of the rules that take into
account the physical characteristics and needs of man from creation, provide
justice and balance,  prevent hostility,
are for in life while others are after death. How much of the property will be
given to the people after the death of the deceased is determined under the
provisions of the nheritance. The provisions of the inheritance have been
included in Islamic heritage law mostly under the headings “kitabu'l-feraiz” or
“kitabu'l-mawaris” as well as “wills” and “Kismet”. The subject of this article
is the property of Islamic heritage law based on the provisions given about the
property of the person. Although every legal system has common points such as
rights, justice and balancing, it has its characteristic features that are
different from the other legal systems because of the different sources and
interlocutors of the Islamic heritage law.

With this study, it has been determined that there are
many features that distinguish Islamic Heritage Law from other legal systems.
The most important feature that separates Islamic Heritage Law from other legal
systems is its divine purpose. İn other words, the provisions of inheritance
are not formed by human beings but by divine will. This increased his
sanctioning power.

It has been observed that the law of Islamic heritage has
been taken into account separately, how and to whom the shares will be given,
the power to save the inheritance, the creation of the human being, the
principles appropriate to its nature, the need for justice and justice, the
reduction of the burden and the potential to prevent the animosity among
people. The provisions of the inheritance of Islamic law have been reported as
gradual, not at a time with the verses and hadiths, as in the other provisions.

In life, it was determined that the rights of relatives
against each other and the right to receivables from each other after death
were proportional. There must be reason to be a heiress. In order to inherit
one's inheritance, a relationship has been sought from the deceased due to
blood relatives, marriage or custody. Justice and need were taken into
consideration in Islamic Heritage Law. In the distribution of inheritance, the
shares were determined by taking into consideration the fact that the heir was
closer to the inheritor, and that he was a woman or a man (difference according
to gender).

In Islamic Heritage Law, heritage is not shared within the
core family of parents and children (a narrow framework). The inheritance is
wider and far away from each degree many relatives (parents, grandparents,
grandparents, children, grandchildren, brothers, uncles, aunts, etc.) is shared
between. In this way, balance is maintained in the distribution of wealth in
the individual, family and society. A person may grant or sell his / her
property to his / her heir, to someone else or to any other institution all of
his / her property but after death, he/she must leave two thirds of his
property to his/her heirs. In Islamic heritage law, there is no will to inherit,
but the Will is valid for anyone other than the heir. Because to make a will in
favor of one of the heirs may disrupt justice between the heirs and may lead to
incompatibility and hostility among the heirs. In Islamic Heritage Law, there
is no obstacle to the existing heir, nor can the desired heir be made. In
Islamic heritage law, the heir has no right to refuse his legacy. Even if he
does not wish to inherit, he will still inherit, but there will be no debts.
The heirs can also share the heritage through mutual agreement

Inheritance and inheritance were not left to the choice,
it was compulsory. The law of Islamic inheritance has taken a middle course,
nor has it given full authority to the inheritance of his possessions.after the
funeral expenses, debts and will of the deceased were removed from the property
of the deceased, the inheritance was left to the heirs.

These characteristics/principles of Islamic heritage law
have become a system that performs many benefits for every individual and every
society, regardless of time and place and Islamic heritage law has been applied
and will be applied by many Muslim communities for centuries. Because the
provisions of the Islamic heritage have been determined with certain evidences,
it is not in our opinion to change them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Law, inheritance, feature, woman, man

İSLAM MİRAS HUKUKUNUN ÖZELLİKLERİ

Öz

İslâm hukuku insanın hayattayken ve
öldükten sonra Yaratıcısı, kendisi, diğer insanlar ve eşya ile irtibatını
düzenleyen kurallar bütünüdür. Bu kurallar onun haklarını korumaya ve
sorumluluklarını bildirmeye yöneliktir. İnsanın yaratılıştan gelen fıtrî özelliklerini ve
ihtiyaçlarını göz önünde bulunduran aralarında adalet ve dengeyi sağlayan,
husumeti engelleyen kurallardan bir kısmı hayatta iken bir kısmı da ölümden
sonrası içindir. İnsanın
ölümünden sonra malının ne oranda kimlere verileceği miras hükümleri kapsamında
belirlenmiştir. Miras hükümleri, İslâm miras hukukunda daha çok
“kitabu’l-ferâiz” veya “kitabu’l-mevâris” ayrıca “vasiyetler” ve “kısmet”
başlıkları altında yer almıştır. Bu makalenin konusu insanın sahip olduğu mal
hakkında verilen hükümlerden hareketle İslâm miras hukukunun özellikleridir.
Her hukuk sisteminin hak, adalet ve denge gibi ortak noktaları mevcut olsa da
İslâm miras hukukunun, kaynak ve muhatabının farklı olması nedeniyle diğer
hukukların miras sistemlerinden farklı, kendine has karakteristik özellikleri
vardır. Bu özellikler zamana ve mekana bağlı olmaksızın her
toplum ve her birey için pek çok hikmet ve maslahatı içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İslâm Hukuku, Miras, Özellik, Kadın, Erkek

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