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Social Sciences in the Shadow of the Digital Leviathan: Ghost Work and Rights-Based Transformation

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 18, 425 - 446, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1850531

Öz

Digitalization has gone beyond being a mere technical process altering communication practices, creating a structural transformation that shakes the ontological and epistemological foundations of social reality. Social sciences face a crisis of redefining their methodological and theoretical tools in this new era where data is consecrated but the human subject increasingly fades within the gears of “digital capitalism”. This study aims to critically examine the transformative impact of digitalization on social sciences through the lens of “ghost work” exploitation hidden behind the myth of artificial intelligence and deepening rights violations. The study discusses the phenomenon of invisible labor, termed ‘ghost work’ in the literature, which fuels artificial intelligence systems, within the context of the formation of a global precariat. Contrary to the ‘automation’ narrative presented by Silicon Valley, the paradox is revealed that the seamless operation of the system actually relies on the cognitive labor of precarious workers in the Global South. When this labor exploitation on the ‘digital assembly line’ is considered alongside algorithmic surveillance mechanisms and the ‘techno-stress’ they create for workers, the vulnerability of the human subject against the system resembles a form of modern slavery. The article argues that social sciences cannot remain in a purely descriptive position in the face of this dystopian picture on the contrary, they must act as a normative shield that makes algorithmic domination visible and advocates for digital citizenship. In this context, emphasizing that the digital public sphere is too vital to be left to commercial monopolies, the construction of a new ‘rights-based’ social science paradigm that guarantees the individual’s digital autonomy and dignity is proposed.

Kaynakça

  • Agbeyinka, I. Y. (2025). Examining the Psychological and Ethical Impacts of Algorithmic Management Across Cultural Contexts in Platform Labour. Malete Journal of Accounting and Finance, 6(1),132-146.
  • Avbelj, M. (2024). Reconceptualizing Constitutionalism in the AI Run Algorithmic Society. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.35
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2024). Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Demokrasi ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü Hakkında Çerçeve Sözleşme. Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları.
  • Batmunkh, A., Fekete-Farkas, M., ve Lakner, Z. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Gig Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102964
  • Bucher, E. L., Schou, P. K., ve Waldkirch, M. (2021). Pacifying the algorithm: Anticipatory compliance in the face of algorithmic management in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961531
  • Cruz, S. A., ve Soeiro, J. (2025). Editorial: Digital transformations and the changing nature of work. Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1741944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1741944
  • Dedema, M., ve Rosenbaum, H. (2024). Socio-technical issues in the platform-mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(3), 344–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24868
  • Elmalıca, H. (2018). Bilişim Çağının Ortaya Çıkardığı Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Unutulma Hakkı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001843
  • Ferrer, X., van Nuenen, T., Such, J. M., Coté, M., ve Criado, N. (2020). Bias and Discrimination in AI: a cross-disciplinary perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07309. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.07309
  • Fuchs, C. (2022). Digital Capitalism: Media, Communication and Society (Vol.3). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222149
  • Gençay, Y., ve Katılmış, C. (2025). Yapay Zekâ Çağında Popülizmin Yükselişi: Dijital Algoritmalar ve Siyasal Manipülasyon. İmgelem (Yeni Medya Çalışmaları), 649-684. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1716179
  • Gray, M. L., ve Suri, S. (2019). Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Hamurcu, O. (2025). Dijital Hakların Haklar Sistematiği İçindeki Konumu ve Devletin Sorumluluk Alanı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1). 577-614 https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1562401
  • Hatos, R., Bugnar, N.-G., ve Fora, A.-F. (2025). Gig economy: The future of work or the illusion of freedom? A data-driven analysis. Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria Științe Economice, 34(1).457-469 https://doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes34(1)038
  • Kettemann, M. C., ve Schulz, W. (Eds.). (2023). Platform://Democracy: Perspectives on Platform Power, Public Values and the Potential of Social Media Councils. Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.86524
  • KT, M. A., ve Sivasubramanian, R. C. (2024). Cogs in the code: Applying labor process theory in algorithmic management of platform-mediated gig work. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(10), 2024225. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024225
  • Lata, L. N., Burdon, J., ve Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Pathiranage, H. S. K. (2024). Precarious Employment in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of Employed Poor. Open Journal of Business and Management, 12, 2288-2307. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2024.124117
  • Pogrebna, G. (2024, 9 Ekim). How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-to-stop-silicon-valley-from-building-a-new-global-underclass-239634
  • Rahman, A. M., ve Sultana, S. (2025). Digital Labor: Challenges, Ethical Insights, and Implications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.11788. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.11788
  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Polity Press.
  • Tubaro, P., Coville, M., Le Ludec, C., ve Casilli, A. A. (2022). Hidden Inequalities: The Gendered Labour of Women on Micro-tasking Platforms. Internet Policy Review, 11(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1623
  • Tusińska, M. (2024). Digital platforms as boosters of the secondary labour market? Polish perspectives on couriers and drivers. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series, (201). https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.201.26
  • Urhan, B. (2022). Dijital Emek Platformlarında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Çalışma ve Toplum, (3), 1545-1570. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1191421
  • Veen, A., Barratt, T., ve Goods, C. (2020). Platform-capital’s ‘app-etite’ for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001701983691
  • Warso, Z. (2023). Digital Rights Revisited: A Rights-Based Approach to Building Digital Public Spaces. Open Future.
  • Webster, N. A., ve Zhang, Q. (2021). Centering social-technical relations in studying platform urbanism: Intersectionality for just futures in European cities. Urban Transformations, 3, Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-021-00027-z
  • Xiao, Q., Chen, R., Xiao, J., Fu, T., Zhang, A. Q., Fan, X., Zhang, B., Lu, Z., & Shen, H. (2025). Institutionalizing folk theories of algorithms: How multi-channel networks (MCNs) govern algorithmic labor in Chinese live-streaming industry. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.20623
  • Zhao, Y., ve Wang, M. (2023). Digital sociology: Origin, development, and prospects from a global perspective. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-023-00198-1
  • Zhu, J., ve Marjanovic, O. (2021). A different kind of sharing economy: A literature review of platform cooperatives. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.502

Dijital Leviathan’ın Gölgesinde Sosyal Bilimler: Hayalet Emek ve Hak Temelli Dönüşüm

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 18, 425 - 446, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1850531

Öz

Dijitalleşme, modern toplumların iletişim pratiklerini değiştiren teknik bir süreç olmanın ötesine geçerek, toplumsal gerçekliğin ontolojik ve epistemolojik temellerini sarsan yapısal bir dönüşüm yaratmıştır. Sosyal bilimler, verinin kutsandığı ancak insan öznesinin “dijital kapitalizm” çarkları arasında giderek silikleştiği bu yeni çağda, metodolojik ve kuramsal araçlarını yeniden tanımlama kriziyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu çalışma, dijitalleşmenin sosyal bilimler üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkisini yapay zekâ mitinin arkasına gizlenen “hayalet emek” sömürüsü ve derinleşen hak ihlalleri ekseninde eleştirel bir perspektifle incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, yapay zekâ sistemlerini besleyen ve literatürde ‘hayalet çalışma’ (ghost work) olarak adlandırılan görünmez emek olgusu, küresel bir prekarya oluşumu bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Silikon Vadisi’nin sunduğu ‘otomasyon’ anlatısının aksine, sistemin kusursuz işleyişinin aslında Küresel Güney’deki güvencesiz işçilerin bilişsel emeğine dayandığı paradoksu ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu ‘dijital montaj hattı’ndaki emek sömürüsü, algoritmik gözetim mekanizmaları ve çalışanlar üzerinde yarattığı ‘tekno-stres’ ile ele alındığında, insanın sistem karşısındaki savunmasızlığı modern bir kölelik biçimini andırmaktadır. Makale, sosyal bilimlerin bu distopik tablo karşısında salt betimleyici bir konumda kalamayacağını aksine algoritmik tahakkümü görünür kılan ve dijital yurttaşlığı savunan normatif bir kalkan olması gerektiğini ileri sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda, dijital kamusal alanın ticari tekellere bırakılamayacak kadar hayati olduğu vurgulanarak, bireyin dijital özerkliğini ve onurunu garanti altına alan ‘hak temelli’ yeni bir sosyal bilim paradigmasının inşası önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Agbeyinka, I. Y. (2025). Examining the Psychological and Ethical Impacts of Algorithmic Management Across Cultural Contexts in Platform Labour. Malete Journal of Accounting and Finance, 6(1),132-146.
  • Avbelj, M. (2024). Reconceptualizing Constitutionalism in the AI Run Algorithmic Society. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.35
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2024). Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Demokrasi ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü Hakkında Çerçeve Sözleşme. Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları.
  • Batmunkh, A., Fekete-Farkas, M., ve Lakner, Z. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Gig Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102964
  • Bucher, E. L., Schou, P. K., ve Waldkirch, M. (2021). Pacifying the algorithm: Anticipatory compliance in the face of algorithmic management in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961531
  • Cruz, S. A., ve Soeiro, J. (2025). Editorial: Digital transformations and the changing nature of work. Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1741944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1741944
  • Dedema, M., ve Rosenbaum, H. (2024). Socio-technical issues in the platform-mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(3), 344–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24868
  • Elmalıca, H. (2018). Bilişim Çağının Ortaya Çıkardığı Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Unutulma Hakkı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001843
  • Ferrer, X., van Nuenen, T., Such, J. M., Coté, M., ve Criado, N. (2020). Bias and Discrimination in AI: a cross-disciplinary perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07309. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.07309
  • Fuchs, C. (2022). Digital Capitalism: Media, Communication and Society (Vol.3). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222149
  • Gençay, Y., ve Katılmış, C. (2025). Yapay Zekâ Çağında Popülizmin Yükselişi: Dijital Algoritmalar ve Siyasal Manipülasyon. İmgelem (Yeni Medya Çalışmaları), 649-684. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1716179
  • Gray, M. L., ve Suri, S. (2019). Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Hamurcu, O. (2025). Dijital Hakların Haklar Sistematiği İçindeki Konumu ve Devletin Sorumluluk Alanı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1). 577-614 https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1562401
  • Hatos, R., Bugnar, N.-G., ve Fora, A.-F. (2025). Gig economy: The future of work or the illusion of freedom? A data-driven analysis. Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria Științe Economice, 34(1).457-469 https://doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes34(1)038
  • Kettemann, M. C., ve Schulz, W. (Eds.). (2023). Platform://Democracy: Perspectives on Platform Power, Public Values and the Potential of Social Media Councils. Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.86524
  • KT, M. A., ve Sivasubramanian, R. C. (2024). Cogs in the code: Applying labor process theory in algorithmic management of platform-mediated gig work. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(10), 2024225. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024225
  • Lata, L. N., Burdon, J., ve Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Pathiranage, H. S. K. (2024). Precarious Employment in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of Employed Poor. Open Journal of Business and Management, 12, 2288-2307. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2024.124117
  • Pogrebna, G. (2024, 9 Ekim). How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-to-stop-silicon-valley-from-building-a-new-global-underclass-239634
  • Rahman, A. M., ve Sultana, S. (2025). Digital Labor: Challenges, Ethical Insights, and Implications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.11788. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.11788
  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Polity Press.
  • Tubaro, P., Coville, M., Le Ludec, C., ve Casilli, A. A. (2022). Hidden Inequalities: The Gendered Labour of Women on Micro-tasking Platforms. Internet Policy Review, 11(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1623
  • Tusińska, M. (2024). Digital platforms as boosters of the secondary labour market? Polish perspectives on couriers and drivers. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series, (201). https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.201.26
  • Urhan, B. (2022). Dijital Emek Platformlarında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Çalışma ve Toplum, (3), 1545-1570. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1191421
  • Veen, A., Barratt, T., ve Goods, C. (2020). Platform-capital’s ‘app-etite’ for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001701983691
  • Warso, Z. (2023). Digital Rights Revisited: A Rights-Based Approach to Building Digital Public Spaces. Open Future.
  • Webster, N. A., ve Zhang, Q. (2021). Centering social-technical relations in studying platform urbanism: Intersectionality for just futures in European cities. Urban Transformations, 3, Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-021-00027-z
  • Xiao, Q., Chen, R., Xiao, J., Fu, T., Zhang, A. Q., Fan, X., Zhang, B., Lu, Z., & Shen, H. (2025). Institutionalizing folk theories of algorithms: How multi-channel networks (MCNs) govern algorithmic labor in Chinese live-streaming industry. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.20623
  • Zhao, Y., ve Wang, M. (2023). Digital sociology: Origin, development, and prospects from a global perspective. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-023-00198-1
  • Zhu, J., ve Marjanovic, O. (2021). A different kind of sharing economy: A literature review of platform cooperatives. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.502

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 18, 425 - 446, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1850531

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agbeyinka, I. Y. (2025). Examining the Psychological and Ethical Impacts of Algorithmic Management Across Cultural Contexts in Platform Labour. Malete Journal of Accounting and Finance, 6(1),132-146.
  • Avbelj, M. (2024). Reconceptualizing Constitutionalism in the AI Run Algorithmic Society. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.35
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2024). Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Demokrasi ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü Hakkında Çerçeve Sözleşme. Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları.
  • Batmunkh, A., Fekete-Farkas, M., ve Lakner, Z. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Gig Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102964
  • Bucher, E. L., Schou, P. K., ve Waldkirch, M. (2021). Pacifying the algorithm: Anticipatory compliance in the face of algorithmic management in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961531
  • Cruz, S. A., ve Soeiro, J. (2025). Editorial: Digital transformations and the changing nature of work. Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1741944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1741944
  • Dedema, M., ve Rosenbaum, H. (2024). Socio-technical issues in the platform-mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(3), 344–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24868
  • Elmalıca, H. (2018). Bilişim Çağının Ortaya Çıkardığı Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Unutulma Hakkı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001843
  • Ferrer, X., van Nuenen, T., Such, J. M., Coté, M., ve Criado, N. (2020). Bias and Discrimination in AI: a cross-disciplinary perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07309. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.07309
  • Fuchs, C. (2022). Digital Capitalism: Media, Communication and Society (Vol.3). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222149
  • Gençay, Y., ve Katılmış, C. (2025). Yapay Zekâ Çağında Popülizmin Yükselişi: Dijital Algoritmalar ve Siyasal Manipülasyon. İmgelem (Yeni Medya Çalışmaları), 649-684. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1716179
  • Gray, M. L., ve Suri, S. (2019). Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Hamurcu, O. (2025). Dijital Hakların Haklar Sistematiği İçindeki Konumu ve Devletin Sorumluluk Alanı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1). 577-614 https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1562401
  • Hatos, R., Bugnar, N.-G., ve Fora, A.-F. (2025). Gig economy: The future of work or the illusion of freedom? A data-driven analysis. Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria Științe Economice, 34(1).457-469 https://doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes34(1)038
  • Kettemann, M. C., ve Schulz, W. (Eds.). (2023). Platform://Democracy: Perspectives on Platform Power, Public Values and the Potential of Social Media Councils. Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.86524
  • KT, M. A., ve Sivasubramanian, R. C. (2024). Cogs in the code: Applying labor process theory in algorithmic management of platform-mediated gig work. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(10), 2024225. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024225
  • Lata, L. N., Burdon, J., ve Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Pathiranage, H. S. K. (2024). Precarious Employment in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of Employed Poor. Open Journal of Business and Management, 12, 2288-2307. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2024.124117
  • Pogrebna, G. (2024, 9 Ekim). How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-to-stop-silicon-valley-from-building-a-new-global-underclass-239634
  • Rahman, A. M., ve Sultana, S. (2025). Digital Labor: Challenges, Ethical Insights, and Implications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.11788. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.11788
  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Polity Press.
  • Tubaro, P., Coville, M., Le Ludec, C., ve Casilli, A. A. (2022). Hidden Inequalities: The Gendered Labour of Women on Micro-tasking Platforms. Internet Policy Review, 11(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1623
  • Tusińska, M. (2024). Digital platforms as boosters of the secondary labour market? Polish perspectives on couriers and drivers. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series, (201). https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.201.26
  • Urhan, B. (2022). Dijital Emek Platformlarında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Çalışma ve Toplum, (3), 1545-1570. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1191421
  • Veen, A., Barratt, T., ve Goods, C. (2020). Platform-capital’s ‘app-etite’ for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001701983691
  • Warso, Z. (2023). Digital Rights Revisited: A Rights-Based Approach to Building Digital Public Spaces. Open Future.
  • Webster, N. A., ve Zhang, Q. (2021). Centering social-technical relations in studying platform urbanism: Intersectionality for just futures in European cities. Urban Transformations, 3, Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-021-00027-z
  • Xiao, Q., Chen, R., Xiao, J., Fu, T., Zhang, A. Q., Fan, X., Zhang, B., Lu, Z., & Shen, H. (2025). Institutionalizing folk theories of algorithms: How multi-channel networks (MCNs) govern algorithmic labor in Chinese live-streaming industry. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.20623
  • Zhao, Y., ve Wang, M. (2023). Digital sociology: Origin, development, and prospects from a global perspective. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-023-00198-1
  • Zhu, J., ve Marjanovic, O. (2021). A different kind of sharing economy: A literature review of platform cooperatives. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.502

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 18, 425 - 446, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1850531

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agbeyinka, I. Y. (2025). Examining the Psychological and Ethical Impacts of Algorithmic Management Across Cultural Contexts in Platform Labour. Malete Journal of Accounting and Finance, 6(1),132-146.
  • Avbelj, M. (2024). Reconceptualizing Constitutionalism in the AI Run Algorithmic Society. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.35
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2024). Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Demokrasi ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü Hakkında Çerçeve Sözleşme. Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları.
  • Batmunkh, A., Fekete-Farkas, M., ve Lakner, Z. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Gig Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102964
  • Bucher, E. L., Schou, P. K., ve Waldkirch, M. (2021). Pacifying the algorithm: Anticipatory compliance in the face of algorithmic management in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961531
  • Cruz, S. A., ve Soeiro, J. (2025). Editorial: Digital transformations and the changing nature of work. Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1741944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1741944
  • Dedema, M., ve Rosenbaum, H. (2024). Socio-technical issues in the platform-mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(3), 344–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24868
  • Elmalıca, H. (2018). Bilişim Çağının Ortaya Çıkardığı Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Unutulma Hakkı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001843
  • Ferrer, X., van Nuenen, T., Such, J. M., Coté, M., ve Criado, N. (2020). Bias and Discrimination in AI: a cross-disciplinary perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07309. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.07309
  • Fuchs, C. (2022). Digital Capitalism: Media, Communication and Society (Vol.3). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222149
  • Gençay, Y., ve Katılmış, C. (2025). Yapay Zekâ Çağında Popülizmin Yükselişi: Dijital Algoritmalar ve Siyasal Manipülasyon. İmgelem (Yeni Medya Çalışmaları), 649-684. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1716179
  • Gray, M. L., ve Suri, S. (2019). Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Hamurcu, O. (2025). Dijital Hakların Haklar Sistematiği İçindeki Konumu ve Devletin Sorumluluk Alanı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1). 577-614 https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1562401
  • Hatos, R., Bugnar, N.-G., ve Fora, A.-F. (2025). Gig economy: The future of work or the illusion of freedom? A data-driven analysis. Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria Științe Economice, 34(1).457-469 https://doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes34(1)038
  • Kettemann, M. C., ve Schulz, W. (Eds.). (2023). Platform://Democracy: Perspectives on Platform Power, Public Values and the Potential of Social Media Councils. Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.86524
  • KT, M. A., ve Sivasubramanian, R. C. (2024). Cogs in the code: Applying labor process theory in algorithmic management of platform-mediated gig work. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(10), 2024225. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024225
  • Lata, L. N., Burdon, J., ve Reddel, T. (2023). New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour. Sociology Compass, 17(1), e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13028
  • Pathiranage, H. S. K. (2024). Precarious Employment in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of Employed Poor. Open Journal of Business and Management, 12, 2288-2307. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2024.124117
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  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Polity Press.
  • Tubaro, P., Coville, M., Le Ludec, C., ve Casilli, A. A. (2022). Hidden Inequalities: The Gendered Labour of Women on Micro-tasking Platforms. Internet Policy Review, 11(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1623
  • Tusińska, M. (2024). Digital platforms as boosters of the secondary labour market? Polish perspectives on couriers and drivers. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series, (201). https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.201.26
  • Urhan, B. (2022). Dijital Emek Platformlarında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri. Çalışma ve Toplum, (3), 1545-1570. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1191421
  • Veen, A., Barratt, T., ve Goods, C. (2020). Platform-capital’s ‘app-etite’ for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001701983691
  • Warso, Z. (2023). Digital Rights Revisited: A Rights-Based Approach to Building Digital Public Spaces. Open Future.
  • Webster, N. A., ve Zhang, Q. (2021). Centering social-technical relations in studying platform urbanism: Intersectionality for just futures in European cities. Urban Transformations, 3, Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-021-00027-z
  • Xiao, Q., Chen, R., Xiao, J., Fu, T., Zhang, A. Q., Fan, X., Zhang, B., Lu, Z., & Shen, H. (2025). Institutionalizing folk theories of algorithms: How multi-channel networks (MCNs) govern algorithmic labor in Chinese live-streaming industry. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.20623
  • Zhao, Y., ve Wang, M. (2023). Digital sociology: Origin, development, and prospects from a global perspective. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-023-00198-1
  • Zhu, J., ve Marjanovic, O. (2021). A different kind of sharing economy: A literature review of platform cooperatives. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.502
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyasal Teori ve Siyaset Felsefesi, Çalışma Sosyolojisi, Yaşam Seyrinin Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Emrah Tüncer 0000-0001-9120-2270

İsmet Galip Yolcuoğlu 0000-0003-4509-7670

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüncer, E., & Yolcuoğlu, İ. G. (2026). Dijital Leviathan’ın Gölgesinde Sosyal Bilimler: Hayalet Emek ve Hak Temelli Dönüşüm. İmgelem(18), 425-446. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1850531

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