Denizcilik Darboğazda Enerji Güvenliği: Hürmüz Boğazı ve İran'ın Stratejik Rolü

Öz

Hürmüz Boğazı, küresel enerji güvenliği için kritik bir deniz geçiş noktası görevi gören, Basra Körfezi'ne stratejik bir geçittir. Ham petrol ve LNG'nin transit geçişinde temel bir rota görevi gören bu boğaz, küresel enerji piyasaları için hayati bir arter olarak kabul edilir. Dünya ekonomisini ve siyasi dinamikleri şekillendiren hayati su yollarından biri olması nedeniyle, bu boğazın güvenliği ve istikrarı önemlidir. Stratejik önemine rağmen, mevcut araştırmacılar coğrafi konumun, devlet gücünün ve enerji bağımlılığının bu koridorların güvenlikleştirilmesini nasıl etkilediğini yeterince incelememiştir. Bu çalışma, Buzan'ın güvenlikleştirme çerçevesini Winzer'in çok boyutlu enerji güvenliği kavramlarıyla bütünleştirerek, boğazın stratejik özelliklerinin bölgesel rekabetleri, bölge dışı güçlerin katılımını ve jeopolitik bağlamda enerji güvenlikleştirme modelini nasıl şekillendirdiğini analiz etmektedir. Tanımlayıcı-analitik bir yöntem kullanarak ve belgesel ve ikincil kaynaklardan bilgi toplayarak, bu çalışma, coğrafi konumu, yasal iddiası ve asimetrik askeri kapasitesiyle İran'ın bir kıyı devleti olarak transit dinamikleri üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bulgular, kesintisiz enerji akışının sürdürülmesinde ortak bir çıkarla rekabet ve caydırıcılığın mevcut olduğunu ve bunun sonucunda boğazdaki herhangi bir aksamanın yalnızca İran için değil, küresel enerji güvenliği ve enerji piyasalarının istikrarı için de sonuçlar doğurabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu makale, Körfez üreticileri için alternatif ihracat yollarının bulunmaması, Asya'nın Hürmüz geçiş yollarına bağımlılığı ve İran'ın iç denizcilik mevzuatı ile geçiş yolları arasındaki yasal gerilimlerin güvenlikleştirme dinamiklerini güçlendirdiğini savunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Hürmüz Boğazı'nda istikrarın korunması, küresel enerji güvenliğinin temel belirleyicisi ve İran'ın Basra Körfezi ve uluslararası sistemdeki jeopolitik konumunu şekillendiren önemli bir faktör olmaya devam etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Küresel Enerji Piyasası
• Enerji Güvenliği
• Hürmüz Boğazı
• Denizcilik Darboğazları
• İran
• Basra Körfezi.

Energy Security at a Maritime Choke-point: The Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s Strategic Role

Öz

The Strait of Hormuz is the strategic gateway to the Persian Gulf that serves as a critical maritime choke point to the global energy security. It is considered as a fundamental artery for global energy markets that serves as primary route in transiting crude oil and LNG. Given that it is one of the vital waterways in the world shaping economic, and political dynamics, the security and stability of this strait is important. Despite its strategic significance, existing scholars has inadequately examined how geographic position, states power and energy dependence effect the securitization of this corridors. Based on Buzan’s securitization framework integrated with Winzer’s multidimensional conceptions of energy security, this study analyzes how the Strait’s strategic characteristics shape regional rivalries and extra regional power involvement and the pattern of energy securitization in geopolitical context. Using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting information from documentary and secondary sources, this study argues that Iran as a coastal state where geographic position, legal claim and asymmetric military capability create significance influence over transit dynamics. The findings suggest that there is competition and deterrence with a shared interest in maintaining ceaseless energy flow, as a result any disruption in the strait could have consequences not only for Iran but also for global energy security and stability of energy markets. This article argues that the absence of alternative export routes for the Gulf producers, Asia dependence on Hormuz transit routes, and legal tension between Iran domestic maritime legislation and transit passage reinforce the securitization dynamics. As a result, keeping stability in the Strait of Hormuz remains as a core determinant of global energy security and key factor shaping Iran’s geopolitical standing within Persian Gulf and international system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Global Energy Market
• Energy Security
• Strait of Hormuz
• Maritime Choke-points
• Iran
• Persian Gulf.

Kaynakça

1. Abu al-Hamid, A. (1997). Foundations of politics (Vol. 1, 7th ed.). Tous Publications.
2. Agnew, J. (2003). Geopolitics: Re-visioning world politics (2nd ed.). Routledge.
3. Asadi, B. (2002). The Persian Gulf and its issues. SAMT Publications.
4. Baldwin, D. A. (2016). Power and international relations: A conceptual approach. Princeton University Press.
5. Ballast Markets. (2025, November 24). Strait of Hormuz: The world’s most critical oil chokepoint. https://content.ballastmarkets.com/blog/2025-11-24-strait-hormuz-oil-chokepoint
6. Baumann, F. (2008). Energy security as a multidimensional concept. CAP Policy Analysis, (1).
7. Bridge, G., Barr, S., Bouzarovski, S., et al. (2018). Energy and society: A critical perspective. Routledge.
8. Bueger, C. (2015). What is maritime security? Marine Policy, 53, 159-164.

9. Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner.
10. Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2011). The three perspectives on energy security. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(4), 202-212.
11. Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2014). The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As. Energy Policy, 75, 415-421.
12. Ciută, F. (2010). Conceptual notes on energy security: Total or banal security? Security Dialogue, 41(2), 123-144.
13. Cohen, B. S. (2009). Geopolitics: The geography of international relations. Rowman & Littlefield.
14. Divsallar, A. (2022). Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The Case of Strait of Hormuz. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(5), 873-895. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873
15. Dolatabadi, A. B., & Kamrava, M. (2022). Iran's Changing Naval Strategy in the Persian Gulf: Motives and Features. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 51(1), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2105815
16. Dolatyar, M. (1994). Statute of the international straits. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press.
17. Drysdale, A., & Blake, G. H. (2007). Political geography of the Middle East and North Africa. IPIS.
18. Ehteshami, A. (2017). Iran: Stuck in transition. Routledge.
19. Ehteshami, A., & Zweiri, M. (2011). Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: The politics of Tehran’s silent revolution. I. B. Tauris.
20. European Commission. (2014). In-depth study of European energy security. Brussels
21. Ezzati, E. (2010). Iran’s strategic geography. Armed Forces Geographical Organization.
22. Gause, F. G. (2014). Beyond sectarianism: The new Middle East Cold War. Brookings Institution.
23. Hafeznia, M. R. (2006). Principles and concepts of geopolitics. Papoli Publications.
24. Hafeznia, M. R. (2009). The Persian Gulf and the strategic role of the Strait of Hormuz (5th ed.). SAMT Publications.
25. Hafeznia, M. R., & Kaviani, M. (2004). New horizons in political geography. SAMT Publications.
26. Hancock, K. J., & Vivoda, V. (2014). International political economy: A field born of the OPEC crisis returns to its energy roots. Energy Research & Social Science, 1(1), 206-216.
27. International Energy Agency. (2023). World energy outlook 2023. IEA.
28. International Energy Agency. (2026). Strait of Hormuz factsheet. https://www.iea.org/about/oil-security-and-emergency-response/strait-of-hormuz
29. Kaplan, R. D. (2012). The revenge of geography. Random House.
30. Kern, M. (2025, June 23). The Strait of Hormuz: What it is, where it is, and why it matters. OilPrice. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Strait-of-Hormuz-What-It-Is-Where-It-Is-and-Why-It-Matters.html
31. Klare, M. T. (2008). Resource wars: Energy, resource conflict and the emerging world order. Strategic Insights, 7(1).
32. Klare, M. T. (2012). The changing geopolitics of oil. In Handbook of oil politics. Routledge.
33. Kuzemko, C., & Bradshaw, M. (2013). Energy security: Geopolitics, governance and multipolarity. In C. Mitchell et al. (Eds.), New challenges in energy security. Palgrave Macmillan.
34. Labandeira, X., & Manzano, B. (2012). Some economic aspects of energy security. Economics for Energy Report, (09).
35. Langlois-Bertrand, S. (2010). The contemporary concept of energy security. Defence R&D Canada.
36. Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421-437.
37. Månsson, A., Johansson, B., & Nilsson, L. J. (2014). Assessing energy security: An overview of commonly used methodologies. Energy, 73, 1-14.
38. Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. W. W. Norton.
39. Mojtahedzadeh, P. (1999). Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A maritime political geography. Curzon Press.
40. Muir, R. (2011). A new introduction to political geography (2nd ed.). Routledge.
41. Nye, J. S. (2004). Power in the global information age. Routledge.
42. O’Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical geopolitics. Routledge.
43. Pishgahifard, Z., Rashidi, M., Shabanifard, M., & Abdullahpour, M. R. (2010). Geopolitical constructs understanding and survey with constructivism geography approach. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 459-467.
44. Popescu, M.-F. (2014). Energy security - A part of economic security. Management Intercultural, (31), 289-296.
45. Shokouei, H. (1996). Philosophy of geography (Vol. 1). Gitashenasi.
46. Sovacool, B. K. (2011). Evaluating energy security in the Asia-Pacific. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7472-7479.
47. U.S. Department of Defense. (2019). Missile defense review (Executive summary).
48. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025, June 16). Strait of Hormuz. Today in Energy. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65504
49. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2026, March 3). World oil transit chokepoints. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/special-topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints
50. Umbach, F. (2010). Global energy security and the implications for the EU. Energy Policy, 38(3).
51. United Nations. (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
52. Verrastro, F., & Ladislaw, S. (2007). Providing energy security in an interdependent world. The Washington Quarterly, 30(4), 95-104.
53. Wilson, J. D. (2019). A securitisation approach to international energy politics. Energy Research & Social Science, 49, 114-125.
54. Winzer, C. (2012). Conceptualizing energy security. Energy Policy, 46, 36-48.
55. Yergin, D. (1991). The prize: The epic quest for oil, money and power. Free Press.