Karizmatik Otoritenin Karanlık Yüzü: Popülizm, Toksik Liderlik ve Toplumsal Bağlılık Dinamikleri Üzerine Disiplinlerarası Bir Analiz

Öz

Karizmatik otorite, liderlik çalışmaları, siyaset sosyolojisi, sosyal psikoloji ile endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisi alanlarında uzun yıllardır araştırılan temel kavramlardan biridir. Ancak son yıllarda yaşanan siyasal ve teknolojik dönüşümler, karizmatik otoritenin yalnızca liderlerin kişisel özellikleriyle açıklanamayacağını göstermektedir. Siyasal kutuplaşma, tekrarlayan toplumsal krizler, popülist hareketlerin yükselişi ve dijital iletişim teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, karizmatik otoritenin ortaya çıkışını, meşruiyet kazanmasını ve toplumsal etkisini yeniden şekillendirmektedir. Bu derleme çalışma, siyaset bilimi, liderlik çalışmaları, sosyal psikoloji, endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisi ile iletişim araştırmalarını bir araya getiren disiplinlerarası bir bakış açısı benimsemektedir. Çalışmada, karizmatik otoritenin liderlerin doğuştan sahip olduğu bireysel bir özellikten ziyade; toplumsal belirsizlik, psikolojik güvenlik ihtiyacı, sosyal kimlik, duygusal kutuplaşma ve dijital iletişim süreçlerinin karşılıklı etkileşimiyle şekillenen dinamik bir psikososyal süreç olduğu savunulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, toplumsal belirsizliğin güven arayışı, karizmatik lider algısı, duygusal özdeşleşme, kimlik füzyonu, eleştirel değerlendirmenin zayıflaması ve psikolojik bağımlılık aşamaları aracılığıyla nasıl geliştiğini açıklayan Karizmatik Bağımlılık Döngüsü adlı kavramsal model önerilmektedir. Ayrıca çalışma, dijital platformlar, öneri algoritmaları ve yapay zekâ destekli iletişim sistemlerinin liderlerin görünürlüğünü artırarak mevcut psikolojik süreçleri güçlendirmesini açıklamak amacıyla algoritmik karizma kavramını literatüre kazandırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak çalışma, karizmatik otoriteyi psikolojik, toplumsal, kurumsal ve teknolojik süreçlerin etkileşimi içinde sürekli yeniden üretilen çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ele almakta; liderlik kuramlarına yeni bir kavramsal çerçeve sunarak karizmatik liderlik, popülizm, toksik liderlik ve kolektif siyasal davranış üzerine gerçekleştirilecek gelecekteki ampirik araştırmalar için kuramsal bir temel oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karizmatik Otorite
• Popülizm
• Toksik Liderlik
• Sosyal Kimlik
• Kimlik Füzyonu
• Algoritmik Karizma
• Lider-Takipçi İlişkisi.

The Dark Side of Charismatic Authority: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Populism, Toxic Leadership, and the Dynamics of Collective Attachment

Öz

Charismatic authority has been widely examined in leadership studies, political sociology, social psychology, and industrial and organizational psychology. However, recent political and technological transformations indicate that leader-centered explanations alone are no longer sufficient. Political polarization, recurring crises, the rise of populist movements, and digital communication have reshaped how charismatic authority emerges, gains legitimacy, and influences collective behavior. This review adopts an interdisciplinary perspective by integrating political science, leadership studies, social psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and communication research. The article argues that charismatic authority should be understood as a dynamic psychosocial process shaped by the interaction of societal uncertainty, psychological security needs, social identity, emotional polarization, and digitally mediated communication. Rather than viewing charisma as an inherent personal trait, it emphasizes the reciprocal influence of leaders, followers, institutions, and digital environments. The study proposes the Charismatic Dependency Cycle, a conceptual model explaining how uncertainty may gradually develop into psychological dependence through security seeking, charismatic leader perception, emotional identification, identity fusion, reduced critical evaluation, and institutional erosion. It also introduces the concept of algorithmic charisma, highlighting how digital platforms, recommendation algorithms, and AI-supported communication strengthen charismatic influence by increasing visibility and reinforcing existing psychological mechanisms. Overall, the study offers an integrated conceptual framework that extends current leadership theory and provides a basis for future empirical research on charismatic leadership, populism, toxic leadership, and collective political behavior in the digital age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Charismatic Authority
• Populism
• Toxic Leadership
• Social İdentity
• İdentity Fusion
• Algorithmic Charisma
• Leader-Follower Relationship.

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