Meta ile Özne Arasında Doğa: Latin Amerika’da Doğal Kaynak İhracatı ve Yerli Halkların Varoluş Mücadelesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Latin Amerika’daki ekonomik kalkınma ve madencilik faaliyetleri ile doğanın korunması ve yerli hakları arasındaki çelişkiyi incelemektedir. Çalışmanın ana sorunsalı; bölge ülkelerinin doğayı koruma ile yeraltı kaynaklarına dayalı kapitalist büyüme modeli arasındaki tarihsel ikilemdir. Makale, yerli halkların doğayla uyumunu simgeleyen Pachamama (Doğa Ana) ve Buen Vivir (İyi Yaşam) kavramlarını, Rostow’un Modernleşme Teorisi’ne alternatif bir kalkınma modeli olarak sunmaktadır. Ekvador, Bolivya ve Brezilya örnekleri; sol söylemli “Pembe Dalga” hükümetlerinin dahi kamusal harcamaları finanse etmek amacıyla kaynak çıkarımını sürdürerek savunucusu oldukları yerli halklarla karşı karşıya geldiklerini göstermektedir. ILO 169 ve Escazú Anlaşması gibi uluslararası düzenlemelerin devlete yalnızca “danışma” yükümlülüğü yüklemesi, yerli halkların karar süreçlerinin dışında kalmasına yol açmıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışma, doğayı ticari bir meta olarak gören Batı merkezli ihracat odaklı ekonomik modelin terk edilmesini; bunun yerine Pachamama ilkelerinin alternatif bir ekolojik politika olarak benimsenmesini ve uluslararası sözleşmelerin yerli halklara bağlayıcı karar alma yetkisi verecek şekilde güçlendirilmesini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Latin Amerika
• Yerli Halklar
• Yeraltı Kaynakları
• Rostow
• Pachamama

The Nature of the Relationship Between the Meta and the Subject: Natural Resource Exports in Latin America and Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Existence

Öz

This study examines the contradiction between economic development and mining activities versus nature conservation and indigenous rights in Latin America. The core problem is the historical dilemma between environmental protection and a capitalist growth model reliant on underground resources. The article presents Pachamama (Mother Earth) and Buen Vivir (Good Living), which symbolize indigenous harmony with nature, as an alternative development model to Rostow’s Modernization Theory. Examples from Ecuador, Bolivia, and Brazil show that even left-wing “Pink Tide” governments continued resource extraction to fund public spending, conflicting with indigenous communities. International frameworks like ILO 169 and the Escazú Agreement only mandate state consultation, leaving indigenous peoples out of decision-making. Ultimately, the study argues for abandoning the Western-centric, export-oriented model that treats nature as a commodity. Instead, it advocates adopting Pachamama principles as an alternative ecological policy and strengthening international agreements to grant indigenous peoples binding decision-making authority.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Latin America
• Indigenous Peoples
• Mineral Resources
• Rostow
• Pachamama

Kaynakça

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