AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ HUKUKUNDA BASIN YAYINCILARINA TANINAN BAĞLANTILI HAKLAR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 169 - 227, 31.03.2022

Cahit Suluk

Öz

Basın yayıncıları, daha önce yatırımlarının karşılığını gazete ve dergi gibi basılı materyal satışından ve reklam gelirinden sağlamaktaydı. Ancak son yıllarda haberin dijitalleşmesi, okuyucunun ve gelirin dijitale kaymasına yol açtı ve bu gelirin büyük bir kısmı basın yayıncılarına dönmedi. Google ve Facebook gibi bilgi toplumu hizmet sağlayıcıları (information society service providers), içerik üretmek yerine başkalarının içeriklerini kullanarak doğrudan veya dolaylı gelir elde etmektedir. Bu “başkaları” arasında basın yayıncıları da vardır. Dijital çağda gazeteler daha çok okunmakla birlikte basın yayıncılarının reklam gelirleri dramatik bir şekilde düşmekte ve bunlar yatırımlarının dönüşünü alamamaktadır. Tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla ilk kez Almanya’da 2009 yılında dijital tehdide karşı çare aranmaya başlanmış olup önce Almanya’da (2013), daha sonra İspanya’da (2014) konuya ilişkin düzenlemeler yapıldı. Anılan düzenlemeler sonuç vermeyince konu Avrupa Birliği (AB) düzeyinde ele alındı. Bu bağlamda AB, telif hukukunu dijital çağa uydurmak için kabul ettiği 2019/790 sayılı Dijital Tek Pazar Yönergesiyle (DSM Directive) basın yayıncılarına (press publicatior) bağlantılı hak statüsü tanıdı (m. 15). Yeni hakların (çoğaltma ve umuma erişimi sağlama/making avaliable to the public) konusu, basın yayınlarıdır (press publications). Anılan haklar, bu yayınları çevrimiçi (online) kullanan bilgi toplumu hizmet sağlayıcılarını hedef aldı. Bu gelişme telif hukuku tarihinde yeni bir aşamayı ifade ediyor. Basın yayıncılarının karşılaştıkları sorunların çözümü bağlamında AB’de tanınan yeni bağlantılı haklar, ilgili çevrelerde yoğun tartışmalara yol açtı. Bu tartışmaların gölgesinde bir yandan dünyada hukuki düzenlemeler (Avustralya gibi) yapılırken, diğer yandan bilgi toplumu hizmet sağlayıcıları, basın yayıncılarıyla görüşmeler yaparak sorunun çözümü için çaba sarf etmeye başladı. Henüz toplu hak takibi gibi temel telif problemlerini çözemeyen ülkemizde, konuya ilişkin ne bir mevzuat ne de uygulama vardır. Çalışmamızda, gerek Almanya ve İspanya tecrübesi ve gerekse AB’deki düzenleme ve bu düzenlemeyi hayata geçiren Fransa tecrübesi dikkate alınarak ülkemizde sorunun çözümüne yönelik öneriler getirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Telif Hakları, Bağlantılı Haklar, Basın Yayıncıları, Bilgi Toplumu Hizmet Sağlayıcıları, Çoğaltma Hakkı, Umuma Erişimi Sağlama Hakkı

RELATED RIGHTS GIVEN TO THE PRESS PUBLISHERS IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW

Öz

Before the digital age, press publishers received return on their investments from the sale of printed materials such as newspapers and magazines, and from advertising revenue. However, the digitization of news in recent years led to the shifting of readership and revenue to digital environment, and a large portion of this revenue did not return to press publishers. Information society service providers such as Google and Facebook earn direct or indirect income by using the content of others instead of producing content. These “others” include press publishers. Although newspapers are read more in the digital age, the advertising revenues of press publishers are falling dramatically and they are not getting a return on their investments. Our research shows that a solution to the problem was sought for the first time in Germany in 2009, and legal arrangements were made in Germany (2013) and then in Spain (2014). However, since these laws did not produce results, the issue was opened to discussion at the European Union (EU) level. In this context, the EU adopted the Digital Single Market Directive (DSM Directive) No. 2019/790 in order to adapt copyright law to the digital age and granted related rights status to press publishers (Article 15). The new rights (reproduction and making available to the public) concern press publications. These rights target information society service providers that use these publications online. This development represents a watershed moment in the history of copyright law. The new rights granted in the EU to solve the problems faced by press publishers caused intense debates in the relevant circles. In the course of these discussions, various legal arrangements were made in some countries (such as Australia) while information society service providers started to meet with press publishers to solve the problem. There is neither legislation nor application on the subject in Turkey, which has not yet solved basic copyright problems such as collective rights management. This article makes suggestions for the solution of the problem in Turkey taking into account the experience of Germany and Spain, the EU regulation as well as the experience of France, which implemented the DSM Directive.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Copyright, Related Rights, Press Publishers, Newspapers, Magazines, Information Society Service Providers, Right of Reproduction, Right of Making Available to the Public

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