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“DECOMMISSIONING” – “İŞLETMEDEN ÇIKARMA” KAVRAMI VE HUKUKİ ALTYAPISI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 565 - 614, 30.09.2022

Öz

Nükleer santrallerin işletmeden çıkarılması dünyanın geri kalanı için değil fakat ülkemiz için yeni bir kavramdır. Adeta, uzun süreli bir projenin (ortalama 20 yıl), kamu düzeninin ve yüksek tehlike arzeden risk yönetiminin birleşimidir. Gerçekten de nükleer atıkların sökülmesi, arındırılması ve bertaraf edilmesi hem işletmecinin hem de düzenleyici kurumların ciddiyetle yaklaşmasını gerektirir. Nükleer reaktörler, aşama aşama bir dizi işleme tabi tutulur; ilk olarak, kullanılmış nükleer yakıtlar, atık maddeler ve betonarme üzerindeki radyasyon seviyesinin düşürülmesi, ardından atık yakıtların tasfiyesi, sonrasında fiili olarak yapıların sökülmesi ve akabinde atık yakıtların bir radyoaktif atık bertaraf tesisine nakliyesi ile depolanması. Santralden söz konusu tesislere varıncaya dek, düzenleyici kontrolden çıkarılana kadar bütün aşamalarda kamu düzeni ve düzenleyici bir denetim hakimdir. İşletmeden çıkarmanın nihai amacı, farklı teknik ve planlardan yararlanarak, tesisleri “yeşil alan” statüsüne geri döndürmektir. İşletmeden çıkarmanın fonlanması da başka bir önemli sorundur. Ortalama bir ticari nükleer reaktörün, sökülmesi, işgücü ve atık yönetimi, çeşitli başka sektörlerin de tali sözleşmelerle dahil edilmesiyle birlikte, bütün işlemlerinin maliyeti 1 milyar ABD dolarını bulabilir. Çevre ve toplum açısından böylesine hayati bir konu, şimdiye kadar, kusurlu olmadan göz ardı edilmiş ve ilgili yönetmelikler aracılığıyla çok az işlenmiştir. İşte tam da burada, zamanında olarak, bu boşluklara yönelik gerekli hukuki adımların atılması bu çalışmada yetkili makamlara tavsiye edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • ALOGNA, Ivano, “Environmental Law of France” Comparative Environmental Law and Regulation, Ed. ROBINSON, Nicholas A.; BURLESON, Elizabeth; LYE Lin-HENG, Thomson-Reuters, 2018.
  • AKRAM Saira, PASHA, Muhammad Imran, SIDDIQUI, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad “Pak-Turk Strategic Framework and Geo-Economic Relations in post 9/11 Era: A way Forward for Strong Partnership”, Global Political Review, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2021.
  • AYDOĞDU, Murat, Sivil Amaçlı Nükleer Santral İşletenin ve Nükleer Madde Taşıyanın Hukuki Sorumluluğu, Adalet Yayınevi, 2009.
  • BAŞOĞLU, Başak, Çevre Zararlarından Doğan Hukuki Sorumluluk, Vedat Kitapçılık, 2016.
  • CUMO, Maurizio, “Decommissioning of Nuclear Plants”, Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Ed. CACUCI, Dan Gabriel, Springer, 2010.
  • CURRAN, Bruce, “Compensation for Responders to a Nuclear Accident: Where Should the Law Go?” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, Human Perspectives on the Development and Use of Nuclear Energy, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2019.
  • DAE, Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Activities of AERB for the year ended March 2012, Report No.9, 2012-2013.
  • EDF Press Kit, Chooz Nuclear Power Plant, 2019.
  • FARO, Alexandre, The legalities of leaving nuclear, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Volume 69, Issue 1, 2013.
  • GÜNEYSU, Gülin, ”Nükleer Reaktörlerin Yol Açtığı Zararlardan Doğan Hukuki Sorumluluk”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, S.41, 1990.
  • HANDRLICA, Jakub, “Nuclear liability conventions and decommissioning: exclusion provisions revisited’’, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • HEFFRON, Rafael J., “Energy law for decommissioning in the energy sector in the 21st century’’, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • HOEDL, Seth, “A Social License for Nuclear Technologies” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, Human Perspectives on the Development and Use of Nuclear Energy, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2019.
  • IAEA, Design Lessons drawn from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, IAEA-TECDOC-1657, 2011.
  • IAEA, Managing the Unexpected in Decommissioning, Nuclear Energy Series, 2016.
  • IAEA, National Polices and Regulations for Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities, IAEA-TECDOC-714, 1993.
  • IAEA, Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Fundamentals, Safety Series No. 111-F, 1995.
  • IAEA, Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants, Research Reactors and Other Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities, Safety Standards Series No. SSG-47, Vienna 2018.
  • IAEA, Selection of decommissioning strategies: Issues and factors, November 2005.
  • IAEA, Status of the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities around the World, 2004.
  • JAEA, Aiming for Energy that Leads to the Future, Annual Report, 2019.
  • KHVOSTOVA, Marina S., “Some Aspects of the Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants”, Power Technology and Engineering, Volume 45, No. 6, 2011.
  • KIM, Hana; JEON Eui-Chan, Structural Changes to Nuclear Energy Industries and the Economic Effects Resulting from Energy Transition Policies in South Korea, MDPI, Energies, 2020, V.13, I.7.
  • LARAIA, Michele, Nuclear Decommissioning, Lecture Notes in Energy 66, Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.
  • LARAIA, Michele, Beyond Decommissioning: The Reuse and Redevelopment of Nuclear Installations, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Elsevier, 2019.
  • MATHIS, Klaus; HUBER, Bruce R., Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship - Volume 5, Energy Law and Economics, Springer, 2018.
  • MAUGER, Romain, “Forced nuclear energy reactors shutdown in France: The Energy Transition Act’s mechanisms”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • NNSA, The Sixth National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, August 2013.
  • NNSA, The Seventh National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety of the People’s Republic of China (2013-2015), Beijing, June 2016.
  • NDA, Business Plan 2021 to 2024, Aralık 2020.
  • NRA, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2018.
  • NRC, 2019-2020 Information Digest, NUREG-1350, Volume 31, August 2019.
  • NRC, Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants, Backgrounder, Office of Public Affairs, Ağustos 2018.
  • Odendahl, Kerstin “Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste: The Search for a Global Solution” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume III, Legal Aspects of the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peacuful Purposes, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2016.
  • OECD-NEA, Costs of Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants, 2016.
  • OECD-NEA, Decommissioning Funding: Ethics, Implementation, Uncertainties, A Status Report, 2006.
  • OECD-NEA, International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations, 2012.
  • OECD-NEA, Nuclear Energy Data, 2020.
  • OECD-NEA, Nuclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries, Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities, Republic of Korea 2009.
  • PAIM, Maria-Augusta; CHUNG-HAN, Yang, ‘‘Nuclear decommissioning in Brazil and China: regulatory development, incompleteness and future synergy”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, s.220-236, 2018.
  • PARK, Patricia, International Law for Energy and the Environment, 2. Edition, CRC Press, 2013.
  • PARTALCI, Rümeysa, Milletlerarasi Özel Hukukta Çevre Zararlarindan Doğan Sorumluluğa Uygulanacak Hukuk, Oniki Levha Yayınevi, 2021.
  • PEREIRA, Ricardo, “Compliance and Enforcement in International, European and National Environmental Law”, Environmental and Energy Law, Ed. Makuch, Karen E.; Pereira, Ricardo, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
  • PNRA, Annual Report, 2019.
  • SCHNEIDER, Mycle, The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2021.
  • SCHMITTEM, Marc, Nuclear Decommissioning in Japan-Opportunities for European Companies-, EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, Tokyo, March 2016.
  • SIDORTSOV, Roman; GAVRILINA, Elena, When foundation matters: overcoming legal and regulatory barriers to oil and gas well decommissioning in Russia, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • ULUSAN, İlhan, “Türk Hukukunda Nükleer Zararlardan Doğan Hukuki Mes’uliyet”, Prof. Dr. Halit Kemal Elbir’e Armağan, İstanbul, 1996.
  • World Nuclear Association, World Nuclear Performance Report 2020.
  • http://www.akkunpp.com/akkuyu-ngs-iddialari#:~:text=15%20y%C4%B1l%20boyunca%20al%C4%B1m%20garantisi,sat%C4%B1n%20al%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1%20h%C3%BCkm%C3%BC%20yer%20almaktad%C4%B1r. E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.base.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/BASE/EN/hns/a1-english/A1-07-16-AtG.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl117s0114.pdf%27%5D__1659952302487 E.T. 01.08.2022.
  • https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Textsammlungen/Energy/uranium-and-nuclear-energy.html E.T. 01.08.2022.
  • https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/KoreaRepublicof/KoreaRepublicof.htm E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/Pakistan/Pakistan.htm#:~:text=There%20are%20five%20operating%20nuclear,the%20State's%20nuclear%20power%20programme. E.T.01.08.2022.
  • http://en.gosnadzor.ru/framework/nuclear/federal-rules-and-regulations/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011L0070 E.T. 01.08.2022.
  • https://fpdcc.com/site-a-the-worlds-first-nuclear-reactor/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:28017913 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/connect/IDNpublic/Pages/Publications_by_theme.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=FR E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://skb.se/publikation/2625510/R-13-03.pdf E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/nuclear-reactor-in-france-shut-down-over-drought/1952943 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2004/723/en E.T.01.07.2022
  • https://www.bmu.de/en/law/atomic-energy-act/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.edf.fr/en/edf/decommissioning E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=23918&type=new&key= E.T.01.08.2022.
  • http://www.french-nuclear-safety.fr/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hinkley-point-c-funded-decommissioning-programme E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.iaea.org/search/google/decommissioning E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1413?sam_handle=123456789/1362 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4&MevzuatTur=19&MevzuatTertip=5
  • https://www.nrc.gov/waste/decommissioning/reg-guides-comm/guidance.html E.T.01.08.2022
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  • http://www.oecd-nea.org/tools/publication?query=decommission&sector=&lang=&period=100y&sort=title&filter=1 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6548375 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.pnra.org/regulations.html#reg E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/03/20220308-1.htm E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.tepco.co.jp/en/hd/responsibility/revitalization/pdf/comp_result-e.pdf E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://wipolex.wipo.int/es/text/493035 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/rus_e/wtaccrus58_leg_269.pdf E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/south-korea.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power.aspx#:~:text=The%20USA%20is%20the%20world's,20%25%20of%20total%20electrical%20output. E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWi_w2H1saE&ab_channel=CharlieDeanArchives E.T.01.08.2022.

“DECOMMISSIONING” – “İŞLETMEDEN ÇIKARMA” CONCEPT AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 565 - 614, 30.09.2022

Öz

Decommissioning of nuclear power plants is not new for the rest of the world but for our country. It is a combination of a long-term project (approximately 20 years), public order and the management of high-level hazardous risks. Indeed, the planning of dismantling, decontamination and disposal of nuclear waste requires serious attention of both the operator and the regulatory authorities. Nuclear reactors are subjected to a set of treatments phase by phase. First, reducing the volume of radiation on used nuclear fuels, waste materials and concrete then the discharge of the waste fuels, later on, the actual dismantling of the construction followed by the transport and storage of the fuel waste at a radioactive disposal facility. There is public order and regulatory supervision in all phases from the plant to the said facilities until the removal of the regulatory control. The ultimate purpose of decommissioning is to return the facilities to “green field” status by using different technics and plans. Funding is yet another essential issue of decommissioning. The procedures for an average commercial nuclear reactor can cost up to a billion US dollars including the dismantling, labour and the waste management involving various other sectors through subcontractors. Such a vital issue regarding the environment and the society, by no mistake was overlooked so far and processed only little with relevant regulations. Here now, right on time, it is recommended in this work to the competent authorities to take the necessary legal steps for the certain loopholes.

Kaynakça

  • ALOGNA, Ivano, “Environmental Law of France” Comparative Environmental Law and Regulation, Ed. ROBINSON, Nicholas A.; BURLESON, Elizabeth; LYE Lin-HENG, Thomson-Reuters, 2018.
  • AKRAM Saira, PASHA, Muhammad Imran, SIDDIQUI, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad “Pak-Turk Strategic Framework and Geo-Economic Relations in post 9/11 Era: A way Forward for Strong Partnership”, Global Political Review, Volume 6, Issue 4, 2021.
  • AYDOĞDU, Murat, Sivil Amaçlı Nükleer Santral İşletenin ve Nükleer Madde Taşıyanın Hukuki Sorumluluğu, Adalet Yayınevi, 2009.
  • BAŞOĞLU, Başak, Çevre Zararlarından Doğan Hukuki Sorumluluk, Vedat Kitapçılık, 2016.
  • CUMO, Maurizio, “Decommissioning of Nuclear Plants”, Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Ed. CACUCI, Dan Gabriel, Springer, 2010.
  • CURRAN, Bruce, “Compensation for Responders to a Nuclear Accident: Where Should the Law Go?” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, Human Perspectives on the Development and Use of Nuclear Energy, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2019.
  • DAE, Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Activities of AERB for the year ended March 2012, Report No.9, 2012-2013.
  • EDF Press Kit, Chooz Nuclear Power Plant, 2019.
  • FARO, Alexandre, The legalities of leaving nuclear, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Volume 69, Issue 1, 2013.
  • GÜNEYSU, Gülin, ”Nükleer Reaktörlerin Yol Açtığı Zararlardan Doğan Hukuki Sorumluluk”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, S.41, 1990.
  • HANDRLICA, Jakub, “Nuclear liability conventions and decommissioning: exclusion provisions revisited’’, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • HEFFRON, Rafael J., “Energy law for decommissioning in the energy sector in the 21st century’’, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • HOEDL, Seth, “A Social License for Nuclear Technologies” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, Human Perspectives on the Development and Use of Nuclear Energy, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2019.
  • IAEA, Design Lessons drawn from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, IAEA-TECDOC-1657, 2011.
  • IAEA, Managing the Unexpected in Decommissioning, Nuclear Energy Series, 2016.
  • IAEA, National Polices and Regulations for Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities, IAEA-TECDOC-714, 1993.
  • IAEA, Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Fundamentals, Safety Series No. 111-F, 1995.
  • IAEA, Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants, Research Reactors and Other Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities, Safety Standards Series No. SSG-47, Vienna 2018.
  • IAEA, Selection of decommissioning strategies: Issues and factors, November 2005.
  • IAEA, Status of the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities around the World, 2004.
  • JAEA, Aiming for Energy that Leads to the Future, Annual Report, 2019.
  • KHVOSTOVA, Marina S., “Some Aspects of the Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants”, Power Technology and Engineering, Volume 45, No. 6, 2011.
  • KIM, Hana; JEON Eui-Chan, Structural Changes to Nuclear Energy Industries and the Economic Effects Resulting from Energy Transition Policies in South Korea, MDPI, Energies, 2020, V.13, I.7.
  • LARAIA, Michele, Nuclear Decommissioning, Lecture Notes in Energy 66, Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.
  • LARAIA, Michele, Beyond Decommissioning: The Reuse and Redevelopment of Nuclear Installations, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Elsevier, 2019.
  • MATHIS, Klaus; HUBER, Bruce R., Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship - Volume 5, Energy Law and Economics, Springer, 2018.
  • MAUGER, Romain, “Forced nuclear energy reactors shutdown in France: The Energy Transition Act’s mechanisms”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • NNSA, The Sixth National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, August 2013.
  • NNSA, The Seventh National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety of the People’s Republic of China (2013-2015), Beijing, June 2016.
  • NDA, Business Plan 2021 to 2024, Aralık 2020.
  • NRA, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2018.
  • NRC, 2019-2020 Information Digest, NUREG-1350, Volume 31, August 2019.
  • NRC, Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants, Backgrounder, Office of Public Affairs, Ağustos 2018.
  • Odendahl, Kerstin “Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste: The Search for a Global Solution” Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume III, Legal Aspects of the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peacuful Purposes, Ed. BLACK-BRANCH, Jonathan L.; FLECK, Dieter, Springer, 2016.
  • OECD-NEA, Costs of Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants, 2016.
  • OECD-NEA, Decommissioning Funding: Ethics, Implementation, Uncertainties, A Status Report, 2006.
  • OECD-NEA, International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations, 2012.
  • OECD-NEA, Nuclear Energy Data, 2020.
  • OECD-NEA, Nuclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries, Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities, Republic of Korea 2009.
  • PAIM, Maria-Augusta; CHUNG-HAN, Yang, ‘‘Nuclear decommissioning in Brazil and China: regulatory development, incompleteness and future synergy”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, s.220-236, 2018.
  • PARK, Patricia, International Law for Energy and the Environment, 2. Edition, CRC Press, 2013.
  • PARTALCI, Rümeysa, Milletlerarasi Özel Hukukta Çevre Zararlarindan Doğan Sorumluluğa Uygulanacak Hukuk, Oniki Levha Yayınevi, 2021.
  • PEREIRA, Ricardo, “Compliance and Enforcement in International, European and National Environmental Law”, Environmental and Energy Law, Ed. Makuch, Karen E.; Pereira, Ricardo, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
  • PNRA, Annual Report, 2019.
  • SCHNEIDER, Mycle, The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2021.
  • SCHMITTEM, Marc, Nuclear Decommissioning in Japan-Opportunities for European Companies-, EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, Tokyo, March 2016.
  • SIDORTSOV, Roman; GAVRILINA, Elena, When foundation matters: overcoming legal and regulatory barriers to oil and gas well decommissioning in Russia, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2018.
  • ULUSAN, İlhan, “Türk Hukukunda Nükleer Zararlardan Doğan Hukuki Mes’uliyet”, Prof. Dr. Halit Kemal Elbir’e Armağan, İstanbul, 1996.
  • World Nuclear Association, World Nuclear Performance Report 2020.
  • http://www.akkunpp.com/akkuyu-ngs-iddialari#:~:text=15%20y%C4%B1l%20boyunca%20al%C4%B1m%20garantisi,sat%C4%B1n%20al%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1%20h%C3%BCkm%C3%BC%20yer%20almaktad%C4%B1r. E.T.01.08.2022.
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  • https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2004/723/en E.T.01.07.2022
  • https://www.bmu.de/en/law/atomic-energy-act/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.edf.fr/en/edf/decommissioning E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=23918&type=new&key= E.T.01.08.2022.
  • http://www.french-nuclear-safety.fr/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hinkley-point-c-funded-decommissioning-programme E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.iaea.org/search/google/decommissioning E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1413?sam_handle=123456789/1362 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4&MevzuatTur=19&MevzuatTertip=5
  • https://www.nrc.gov/waste/decommissioning/reg-guides-comm/guidance.html E.T.01.08.2022
  • https://www.oecd-nea.org/general/profiles/france.html E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.oecd-nea.org/law/legislation/2017_china_nuclear_safety_law.pdfE.T.01.08.2022.
  • http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/32832/Document/1663444/1663444.htm E.T.01.08.2022.
  • http://www.oecd-nea.org/tools/publication?query=decommission&sector=&lang=&period=100y&sort=title&filter=1 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6548375 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.pnra.org/regulations.html#reg E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/03/20220308-1.htm E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.tepco.co.jp/en/hd/responsibility/revitalization/pdf/comp_result-e.pdf E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://wipolex.wipo.int/es/text/493035 E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text/ E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/rus_e/wtaccrus58_leg_269.pdf E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/south-korea.aspx E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power.aspx#:~:text=The%20USA%20is%20the%20world's,20%25%20of%20total%20electrical%20output. E.T.01.08.2022.
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWi_w2H1saE&ab_channel=CharlieDeanArchives E.T.01.08.2022.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm C. 7 S. 13 Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Oğuz Tuna Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8682-7348

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tuna, Mustafa Oğuz. ““DECOMMISSIONING” – ‘İŞLETMEDEN ÇIKARMA’ KAVRAMI VE HUKUKİ ALTYAPISI”. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 7, sy. 13 (Eylül 2022): 565-614.