Mediating Roles of Perceived Job Insecurity in the Impact of Online Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Tendency

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 99, 217 - 252, 31.12.2025

Artür Yetvart Mumcu

https://doi.org/10.26650/imj.2025.1671385

https://izlik.org/JA53NX35FN

Öz

This study investigates how bridging and bonding forms of online social capital influence entrepreneurial tendencies, focusing on the mediating role of perceived job insecurity. Data were collected from university students in Türkiye with no prior work experience. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to validate the job insecurity scale, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesised model. The results show that bridging online social capital has a significant positive effect on key sub-dimensions of entrepreneurial tendency (need for achievement, creativity, calculated risk-taking, and internal locus of control) and that perceived job insecurity mediates some of these effects. In contrast, bonding online social capital exhibited limited direct effects on entrepreneurial tendency. These findings contribute to the understanding of entrepreneurship in the context of a digital society and under conditions of job insecurity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurship , Entrepreneurship Tendency , Online Social Capital , Job Insecurity

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, M. I. S., Idrus, M. I. and Rijal, S. (2023). The role of education in fostering entrepreneurial spirit in the young generation. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management (ADMAN), 1(2), 93–100. google scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T google scholar
• Aksay, B. and İplik, E. (2014). Girişimcilik eğilimi ölçeğinin (GET 2) Türkiye bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(2), 199–210. google scholar
• Al Halbusi, H., AbdelFattah, F., Ferasso, M., Alshallaqi, M. and Hassani, A. (2024). Fear of failure for entrepreneurs in emerging economies: stress, risk, finances, hard work, and social support. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 31(1), 95–125. google scholar
• Anwar, A., Zafar, A. U., Papa, A., Pham, T. T. T. and Apostolidis, C. (2024). Exploring the ascendancy of social capital in entrepreneurial behavior: new insights from mix model perspective in digital healthcare. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, (ahead-of-print). google scholar
• Ashford, S. J., Lee, C. and Bobko, P. (1989). Content, cause, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management journal, 32(4), 803–829. google scholar
• Audretsch, D. B. (2007). Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63–78. google scholar
• Bakshy, E., Rosenn, I., Marlow, C. and Adamic, L. (2012). The role of social networks in information diffusion. Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web in (pp. 519–528). google scholar
• Bell, D. N. F. and Blanchflower, D. G. (2011). Young people and the Great Recession. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 27(2), 241–267. google scholar
• Bendig, D., Brüss, L. and Degen, F. (2025). Entrepreneurship in the renewable energy sector: A systematic literature review of types, characteristics, and sustainability impacts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 212, 115337. google scholar
• Berntson, E., Näswall, K. and Sverke, M. (2010). The moderating role of employability in the association between job insecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 215–230. google scholar
• Block, J. H., Sandner, P. and Spiegel, F. (2015). How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 183–206. google scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education in (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood press. google scholar
• Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 345–423. doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(00)22009-1 google scholar
• Byrne, B M. (2001). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
• Byrne, Barbara M. (2001). Structural equation modeling: Perspectives on the present and the future. International Journal of Testing, 1(3–4), 327–334. google scholar
• Byrne, Barbara M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (multivariate applications series) (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Caird, S. (2013). General measure of Enterprising Tendency test. Open Research Online. 30 December 2023 tarihinde https://oro.open.ac.uk/5393/2/Get2test_guide.pdf from retrieved. google scholar
• Carayannis, E. G., Christodoulou, K., Christodoulou, P., Chatzichristofis, S. A. and Zinonos, Z. (2022). Known unknowns in an era of technological and viral disruptions—implications for theory, policy, and practice. Journal of the knowledge economy, 13(1), 587–610. google scholar
• Çetin, F. and Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121–137. google scholar
• Chen, H.-J., Tang, J. and Tang, D.-P. (2021). The Study of Q Method to Explore the Types of Career Choice Motivation for Entrepreneurs- Take the Internet-based Business as an Example. Journal of Business Administration (1025-9627), 46(2). google scholar
• Cheng, L. J. and Liao, C. C. (2020). Connecting social capital, cognitive bias, and entrepreneurial intentions: About gender differences. Contemporary Management Research, 16(1), 1–34. google scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education (8th ed.). New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Colakoglu, S. N. (2011). The impact of career boundarylessness on subjective career success: The role of career competencies, career autonomy, and career insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 47–59. google scholar
• Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), S95–S120. doi:10.1086/228943 google scholar
• Corrêa, V. S., Queiroz, M. M., Cruz, M. A. and Shigaki, H. B. (2022). Entrepreneurial orientation far beyond opportunity: the influence of the necessity for innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & research, 28(4), 952–979. google scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. google scholar
• Daud, K. and Azizah, K. (2024). The impact of slow career growth on organisational commitment and job satisfaction: a study of a ‘closed’government agency in Malaysia. RMIT University. google scholar
• Davidsson, P. and Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6 google scholar
• Davidsson, P., Honig, B. and Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. doi:10.1086/228311 google scholar
• Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J. and Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security’s direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(4), 323–349. google scholar
• De Cuyper, N. and De Witte, H. (2008). Job insecurity and employability among temporary workers: A theoretical approach based on the psychological contract. The individual in the changing working life, 88–107. google scholar
• De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155–177. doi:10.1080/135943299398302 google scholar
• De Witte, Hans. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1–6. google scholar
• Dereli, B. (2012). İş güvencesizliği kavramı ve banka çalışanlarının iş güvencesizliğine yönelik algılarının demografik özelliklerine göre incelenmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(21). google scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. google scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R. and Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 19(4), 855–870. google scholar
• Fayolle, A. and Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75–93. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12065 google scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage Publications Ltd. google scholar
• Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. google scholar
• Greenhalgh, L. and Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management review, 9(3), 438–448. google scholar
• Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and Evaluating Factor Scores. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 430–450. google scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. (6th, Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. google scholar
• Hamouche, S., Bani-Melhem, S., Demir, A. and Kammogne, C. L. (2024). Crisis-induced career shock and entrepreneurial intention among employees: what is the role of layoff, job insecurity and perceived employability during COVID-19? The Bottom Line. google scholar
• Hampton, K. N. (2003). Grieving for a lost network: Collective action in a wired suburb. Information Society, 19(5), 417–428. google scholar
• Hartika, A., Fitridiani, M. and Asbari, M. (2023). The effect of job satisfaction and job loyalty on employee performance: A narrative literature review. Journal of Information Systems and Management (JISMA), 2(3), 9–15. google scholar
• Hellgren, J., Sverke, M. and Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 8(2), 179–195. google scholar
• Hessels, J., van Gelderen, M. and Thurik, R. (2008). Entrepreneurial aspirations, motivations, and their drivers. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 323–339. google scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International studies of management & organization, 10(4), 15–41. google scholar
• Hong, J., Lee, R., Ohm, J. Y. and Lee, D. H. (2024). The strength of a weak tie in the innovative performance of firms: A case of Korean high‐tech manufacturing small and medium‐sized enterprises. Sociology Compass, 18(5), e13214. google scholar
• Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Eguchi, H. and Tsutsumi, A. (2016). Buffering effect of workplace social capital on the association of job insecurity with psychological distress in Japanese employees: a cross‐sectional study. journal of Occupational Health, 58(5), 460–469. google scholar
• Isaksson, K., Hellgren, J. and Pettersson, P. (1998). Strukturomvandling inom svensk detaljhandel: Uppföljning av omorganisation och personalminskning i KF/KD AB. Univ., Psykologiska institutionen. google scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. google scholar
• Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. google scholar
• Klandermans, B. and Van Vuuren, T. (1999). Job insecurity: introduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 145–153. google scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. google scholar
• Krueger, N. F. and Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 5(4), 315–330. google scholar
• Lihua, D. (2022). An extended model of the theory of planned behavior: an empirical study of entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior in college students. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 627818. google scholar
• Lumpkin, G. T. and Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568 google scholar
• Mahato, J. and Jha, M. K. (2024). Does social capital promote sustainable livelihood? Mediating effect of women entrepreneurship. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 44(5/6), 448–461. google scholar
• Mehreen, A., Hui, Y. and Ali, Z. (2019). A social network theory perspective on how social ties influence perceived employability and job insecurity: evidence from school teachers. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 9, 1–17. google scholar
• Mueller, S. L. (2004). Gender gaps in potential for entrepreneurship across countries and cultures. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 9(3). google scholar
• Mumcu, A. Y. (2022). Sosyal Sermaye Kuramı: Son Dönem İnceleme Alanları. A. Y. Ataman, Göksel; Mumcu (Ed.), Örgüt Kuramlarında Güncel Yaklaşımlar in (pp. 331–352). Ankara: Nobel. google scholar
• Mumcu, A. Y. and Ataman, G. (2021). Girişim Fonlamasında Sosyal Sermayenin Çevrimiçi Rolü: Kitlesel Fonlama Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Research of Financial Economic and Social Studies, 6(2), 359–372. doi:10.29106/fesa.931075 google scholar
• Mumcu, A. Y., Ataman, G. and Konuk, H. (2023). Çevrimiçi Sosyal Sermaye Ölçeğini Türkiye’de Uyarlama Çalışması. Öneri, 18(60), 543–560. google scholar
• Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 119–158. google scholar
• Nazzal, A. (2024). Professionalize the personal: Online professional identity using impression management among junior employees. International Journal of Communication, 18, 22. google scholar
• Noor, U., Rabbani, S. and Dastgeer, G. (2023). Impact of job insecurity during COVID-19 on green entrepreneurial intention of Pakistani entrepreneurs: A moderated mediation model. Kybernetes, 52(11), 5687–5705. google scholar
• Nozawa, H. and Kang, R. (2025). Changes in networks influencing entrepreneurial activity of start-up founders: The increasing importance of the weak ties. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 6(3), 494–502. google scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. and Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. google scholar
• Probst, T M. (2005). Economic stressors and job insecurity: Multiple pathways to strain and coping. Work & Stress, 19(3), 226–239. google scholar
• Probst, Tahira M. (2005). Job insecurity. C. L. Cooper and J. Barling (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior in (1st ed., Vol. 19, pp. 226–239). California: Sage Publications. google scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community (1st ed.). New York: Touchstone Books/Simon & Schuster. google scholar
• Rothwell, A., Jewell, S. and Hardie, M. (2009). Self-perceived employability: Investigating the responses of post-graduate students. Journal of vocational behavior, 75(2), 152–161. google scholar
• Segars, A. H. and Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: A confirmatory factor analysis. MIS quarterly, 517–525. google scholar
• Sen, K., Mishra, U. S., Patnaik, S. and Mishra, B. B. (2024). Effect of psychological capital on employee performance, work stress, job insecurity, and job satisfaction: evidence from India. Current Psychology, 43(11), 9613–9624. google scholar
• Sharma, S., Singh, G., Lim, W. M., Ali, A. and Singh, R. (2025). Metaverse through the integrated theoretical lenses of task technology fit theory, social capital theory, and social cognitive theory: the case of SMEs. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 6. google scholar
• Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of management, 43(6), 1911–1939. google scholar
• Silla, I., De Cuyper, N., Gracia, F. J., Peiró, J. M. and De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 739–751. google scholar
• Simons, M., Reijnders, J., Peeters, S., Janssens, M., Lataster, J. and Jacobs, N. (2021). Social network sites as a means to support personal social capital and well-being in older age: An association study. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 100067. google scholar
• Soundararajan, V., Sharma, G. and Bapuji, H. (2024). Caste, social capital and precarity of labour market intermediaries: The case of Dalit labour contractors in India. Organization Studies, 45(7), 961–985. google scholar
• Spurk, D., Hofer, A., Hirschi, A., De Cuyper, N. and De Witte, H. (2022). Conceptualizing career insecurity: Toward a better understanding and measurement of a multidimensional construct. Personnel Psychology, 75(2), 253–294. google scholar
• Sverke, M., Hellgren, J. and Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242–264. google scholar
• Uriarte, S., Baier-Fuentes, H., Espinoza-Benavides, J. and Inzunza-Mendoza, W. (2025). Artificial intelligence technologies and entrepreneurship: a hybrid literature review. Review of Managerial Science, 1–49. google scholar
• Van Gelderen, M. and Jansen, P. (2006). Autonomy as a start-up motive. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 23–32. google scholar
• Vincent, P. and Venugopalan, M. (2023). Networking and perceived employability as a buffer for job insecurity: A qualitative approach. International Journal of Business and Economics, 22, 203–328. google scholar
• Watkins, M. W. (2021). A Step-by-step Guide to Exploratory Factor Analysis with SPSS. New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Williams, D. (2006). On and off the ’Net: Scales for Social Capital in an Online Era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 593–628. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x google scholar
• Xie, G., Wang, L. and Lee, B. (2021). Understanding the impact of social capital on entrepreneurship performance: the moderation effects of opportunity recognition and operational competency. Frontiers in psychology, 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687205 google scholar
• Zanabazar, A. and Jigjiddorj, S. (2021). The mediating effect of employee loyalty on the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 9(2), 467–482. google scholar
• Zimmer, C. and Aldrich, H. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. D. . Sexton and R. Smilor (Eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship in (pp. 3–23). Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company. google scholar