Military Intervention in Libya and Responsibility to Rebuild in International Law

Öz

The Arap Spring which is rendered as the landmark event of the year 2010 spread its impact on Libya in the immediate aftermath of its emergence. After having led their lives under the government of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi for 42 years, the Libyan people rose in rebellion and in return, Regime forces resorted to use of force to quell the rebellion. International Community felt convinced that especially the occurences in Benghazi had led to humanitarian crisis on a large scale and thereupon took action. To this end, International Community decided to impose sanctions on Libya pursuant to resolution no.1973 of the United Nations Security Council UNSC and emphasised on Libya’s utmost responsibility to protect its own population. The report on Responsibility to Protect submitted to UN in 2001 under the leadership of Canada firmly underlines that the states failing in protecting their own populations might be exposed to intervention of international community if UNSC adopts a resolution thereon. The aforementioned report prescribes that international community is responsible to prevent, react and rebuild pursuant to its responsibility to protect arising out of international law. In this context, the responsibility to rebuild stands for restoring resilience of a state that is intervened. Nevertheless, this fundamentally constitutes the most neglected sort of responsibility. Driven by the case of Libya where the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect was applied, this study aims at analysing Libyan intervention from the view of international law and additionally indicating accomplishment of rebuilding practices. In this respect, first of all, the meaning and scope of the doctrine of responsibility to protect will be examined in the light of international law, and thereafter how this doctrine was implemented in the case of Libya will be elaborately explained. In the following sections, we will hold a discussion upon to what extent the responsibility to rebuild was realized aftermath of intervention in Libya which ended up in security crisis and economic collapse

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Libya,international law,responsibiliy to protect,Jus Post Bellum,responsibility to rebuild,UN,NATO

Libya’ya Askeri Müdahale ve Uluslararası Hukukta Yeniden İnşa Sorumluluğu

Öz

2010 yılının en önemli olayı olan Arap Baharı süreci kısa bir süre sonra Libya’yı da etkisi altına almıştır. 42 yıl boyunca Albay Muammer Kaddafi’nin yönetimi altında yaşayan Libya halkı da ayaklanmış ancak Rejim güçleri isyanı bastırmak için kuvvet kullanmıştır. Özellikle Bingazi’de yaşanan olayların insani krize yol açtığını düşünen uluslararası toplum harekete geçmiş ve 1973 sayılı Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi BMGK kararı ile Libya hakkında yaptırım kararı almış ve Libya’nın kendi halkını koruma sorumluluğuna vurgu yapmıştır. 2001 yılında Kanada öncülüğünde BM’ye sunulan Koruma Sorumluluğu Responsibility to Protect raporunda devletlerin kendi halkını korumakta başarısızlığa düştüğü durumlarda BMGK kararı ile uluslararası toplumun müdahale edebileceğinin altı çizilmektedir. Rapora göre uluslararası toplum, uluslararası hukuktan kaynaklanan koruma yükümlülüğü kapsamında önleme prevent , karşılık verme react ve yeniden inşa rebuild ile sorumludur. Bu anlamda yeniden inşa sorumluluğu müdahale edilen devletin tekrar yapılandırılması anlamına gelmekte ve temel itibariyle en çok ihmal edilen sorumluluk türünü teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışma Koruma Sorumluluğu Doktrini’nin uygulandığı bir örnek olan Libya özelinde müdahalenin uluslararası hukuk boyutunu ele almayı ve yeniden inşa uygulamalarının başarısını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışmada öncelikle uluslararası hukukta koruma sorumluluğu doktrininin anlam ve kapsamı incelenecek daha sonrasında ise doktrinin Libya özelinde nasıl uygulandığı izah edilecektir. Sonraki bölümde ise müdahale sonrası güvenlik krizi ve ekonomik çöküntü ile karşı karşıya kalan Libya’da yeniden inşa sorumluluğunun ne kadar yerine getirildiği tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Libya, uluslararası hukuk, koruma sorumluluğu, Jus Post Bellum, yeniden inşa sorumluluğu, BM, NATO

Kaynakça

1. • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Res- pect Of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion), 22.07.2010, ICJ Reports, s.436, parag.79.
2. • Annan, K., We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century, United Nations Publications, 2000, s.48.
3. • Başaran, H. R., “Identifying the Responsibility to Protect”, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.38/1, 2014, s.208.
4. • Bekaj, A. R., “The KLA and the Kosovo War: From Intra-State Conflict to Independent Country”, Berghof Conflict Research Papers 8, 2010, s.23.
5. • Bellamy, A. J., A Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities, Polity Publishing, 2008, s.167-195.
6. • Benson, L., Yugoslavia: A Concise History, Palgrave Macmillian Publications, 2004, s.138.
7. • Brabandere, E., “The Concept of Jus Post Bellum in International Law: A Normative Cri- tique”, Ed.: Stahn, C.; Easterday, J. S.; Iverson, J., Jus Post Bellum: Mapping the Norma- tive Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2014, s.123-177.
8. • Cassese, A., Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge University Press, 1999, s.47.

9. • Cassese, A., “The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals and the Current Pros- pects of International Criminal Justice”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol.25, Issue 2, 2012, s.491-501.
10. • Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco 1945, article 27, parag.3, https://treaties. un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (12.06.2019).
11. • Chorin, E., “NATO’s Libya Intervention and the Continued Case for a Responsibility to Rebuild”, Boston University International Law Journal, Vol.31, 2013, s.380-381.
12. • Clark, H., Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, 2000, s.67 ve 174.
13. • Çetinkaya, L. B.; Baran, D., Paylaşılamayan Enkaz: Libya, FSM UHAM Araştırma Ra- porları, Sayı 1, 2017, s.19-26.
14. • Dahl, R. A., “What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require?” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.120(2), 2005, s.187-197.
15. • Deng, F. M., “From ‘Sovereignty as Responsibility’ to the ‘Responsibility to Protect’”, Glo- bal Responsibility to Protect, Vol.2, No 4, 2010, s.353-370.
16. • Egypt: Rab’a Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity, Human Rights Watch (HRW), 2014, s.2. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-raba-killings-likely-crimes- against-humanity (20.03.2019).
17. • Evans, G., “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect”, Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol.24, No.3, 2006, s.703-722.
18. • First Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to the UN Security Co- uncil Pursuant to UNSCR 1970, International Criminal Court - Office of the Prosecutor, 04.052011, s.4.
19. • Gagro, S. F., “The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Doctrine”, International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 3/1, 2014, s.61-77.
20. American Journal of International Law, Vol.101, No.1, 2007, s.99-120.
21. • Teimouri, H.; Subedi, S. P., “Responsibility to Protect and the International Military In- tervention in Libya in International Law: What Went Wrong and What Lessons Could Be Learnt from It?”, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol.23, Issue 1, 2018, s.5-6.
22. • UNDP, Supporting Transition in Libya, Report, 2015 s.2-3. http://www.ly.undp.org/con- tent/dam/libya/docs/Results%20Report.pdf (23.04.2019).
23. • UNGA Resolution No. 377, 03.11.1950, parag.1. https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unis- pal.nsf/0/55C2B84DA9E0052B05256554005726C6 (12.06.2019).
24. • UNGA Resolution, No. 60/1, 25.10.2005, parag.138-139. https://www.un.org/en/ development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_ RES_60_1.pdf (12.06.2019).
25. • UNSC Resolution No. 2009, 16.09.2011, s.3. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=S/RES/2009%20%282011%29 (22.08.2018).
26. • UNSC Resolution No.1970, 26.02.2011, s.2, parag.16/1 ve 16/2-a-b-c-d. http://www. un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1970(2011) (27.03.2019).
27. • UNSC Resolution No.1973, 17.03.2011, s.3, parag.22/4-5. http://www.un.org/en/ga/se- arch/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1973(2011) (27.03.2019).
28. • Ülger, İ. K., “Kosova’nın Bağımsızlığının Self Determinasyon Çerçevesinde Analizi”, Ko- caeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 31, 2016, s.41.
29. • Vladisavlyevic, N., “Institutional Power and the Rise of Milosevic”, Nationalities Papers, Vol.32/1, 2004, s.200.
30. • Winkelmann, I., “Responsibility to Protect”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public Interna- tional Law, 2010, s.5-9.
31. • Yoo, J., “Fixing Failed States”, California Law Review, Vol.99, 2011, s.95-150.