Türkiye’deki Ukraynalıların Hukuki Statülerine İlişkin Muhtemel Senaryolar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 543 - 602, 30.12.2022

Hasan Basri Bülbül

Öz

Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali ile birlikte milyonlarca insan yerinden edildi, bunlardan bir kısmı ise Türkiye’ye geldi. Türkiye Ukrayna vatandaşları için açık kapı politikası izleyip, Ukraynalıların Türkiye’ye giriş ve Türkiye’de kalışlarının kolaylaştırılacağını ilan etti. Bu makalede Türkiye’de bulunan Ukraynalıların kazanabileceği muhtemel hukuki statüler ele alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede uluslararası koruma, geçici koruma, ikamet izinleri ve Türk soyluların durumu incelenmiştir. Uluslararası koruma başlığı altında Ukraynalılar şartları sağlamaları halinde mülteci veya ikincil koruma statüleri elde edebilirler. Uluslararası korumaya başvurmak istemezler ise kendilerine uygun bir ikamet izninden de yararlanabilirler. Kısa dönem ikamet izinleri ve özellikle insani ikamet izni Ukraynalıların çoğu için en kolay elde edilebilir seçenekler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Ukrayna’dan gelen Türk soylular ise daha ayrıcalıklı bir rejimden faydalanmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ukrainians in Turkey, International Protection, Temporary Protection, Residence Permits, People of Turkish Descent from Ukraine, Türkiye’deki Ukraynalılar, Uluslararası Koruma, İkamet İzinleri, Geçici Koruma, Ukrayna’dan Gelen Türk Soylular

Ukrainians in Turkey: Probable Scenarios Regarding their Legal Statuses

Öz

Millions of people have been forcibly displaced after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Some of them are now hosted in Turkey. The Turkish government has pursued an opendoor policy for Ukrainian nationals and announced that it will make their entry and stay of them in Turkey easier. This article analyses the probable legal statuses that Ukrainians can obtain in Turkey. International protection, temporary protection, residence permits, and the situation of people of Turkish descent are then examined respectively. Ukrainians can get refugee status and subsidiary protection provided that they meet the relevant criteria. If they do not wish to apply for international protection, they can avail themselves of residence permits. Short-term residence permit and particularly humanitarian residence permit seem to be the easiest options for most Ukrainians. People of Turkish descent from Ukraine, on the other hand, are subjected to a special regime.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ukrainians in Turkey, International Protection, Temporary Protection, Residence Permits, People of Turkish Descent from Ukraine, Türkiye’deki Ukraynalılar, Uluslararası Koruma, İkamet İzinleri, Geçici Koruma, Ukrayna’dan Gelen Türk Soylular

Kaynakça

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• The Council of Europe Ministers’ Deputies, Resolution CM/Res(2022)2 on the Cessation of the Membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5da51 (28.08.2022).
• Timmins, Beth, Ukraine Airspace Closed to Civilian Flights, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60505415 (11.08.2022).
• Tingle, Rory, Putin Cuts off Vital Shipping Route to Ukraine While His Forces Move on Kiev: Russian Vessels Blockade the Azov Sea While Navy Conducts “special Military Operation” in the Area, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10546931/Putin-cuts-vital-shipping-route-Ukraine-forces-Kiev.html (11.08.2022).
• Trevelyan, Mark, Putin Says Russia Just Starting in Ukraine, Peace Talks Will Get Harder, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-putin-if-west-wants-beat-us-battlefield-let-them-try-2022-07-07/ (19.08.2022).
• Trevelyan, Mark, Russia Declares Expanded War Goals beyond Ukraine’s Donbas, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/lavrov-says-russias-objectives-ukraine-now-go-beyond-donbas-2022-07-20/ (19.08.2022).
• Türkiye’de yaşayan kaç Ukraynalı var?, https://www.turkiyeekspreshaber.com/gundem/turkiye-de-yasayan-kac-ukraynali-var-h10605.html (24.08.2022) Two Britons, One Moroccan Sentenced to Death by Court of Russian Proxy in Ukraine, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/separatist-donbas-region-issues-death-penalty-captured-british-moroccan-fighters-2022-06-09/ (20.08.2022).
• Ukraine Is Brutally Repressing the Left, Criminalizing Socialist Parties, Imprisoning Activists, https://mronline.org/2022/03/26/ukraine-is-brutally-repressing-the-left-criminalizing-socialist-parties-imprisoning-activists/ (16.06.2022).
• Ukraine: Putin Declares Special Military Operation https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-60505319 (26.08.2022).
• Ukraine Refugee Situation’ https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine#_ga=2.240367939.1935601545.1654417001-115170318.1651773865 (23.08.2022).
• Ukraine: Russian Forces’ Trail of Death in Bucha, https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/21/ukraine-russian-forces-trail-death-bucha (17.08.2022).
• Ukraine Situation, http://reporting.unhcr.org/ukraine-situation (24.08.2022).
• Ukraine War in Maps: Tracking the Russian Invasion after Six Months, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 (28.08.2022).
• Ukrayna Büyükelçisi Vasyl Bodnar, Türkiye’deki Ukraynalıların sayısını açıkladı, https://haberglobal.com.tr/gundem/ukrayna-buyukelcisi-vasyl-bodnar-turkiyedeki-ukraynalilarin-sayisini-acikladi-180695, https://haberglobal.com.tr/gundem/ukrayna-buyukelcisi-vasyl-bodnar-turkiyedeki-ukraynalilarin-sayisini-acikladi-180695 (05.06.2022).
• Ukrayna’da Yaşayan Ahıska Türkleri Kimdir?, https://ukrainer.net/ukraynadaki-ahiska-turkleri/ (22.06.2022).
• Ukrayna’nın İstanbul Başkonsolosu: 70 bin Ukraynalı Türkiye’ye taşındı https://www.ukrhaber.com/blog/ukraynanin-istanbul-baskonsolosu-70-bin-ukraynali-turkiyeye-tasindi/ (05.06.2022).
• UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No. 4: “Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative” within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of
• Refugees’ (2003) HCR/GIP/03/04 https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/3f28d5cd4/guidelines-international-protection-4-internal-flight-relocation-alternative.html (18.08.2022)
• UNHCR, Ukraine Emergency https://www.unhcr.org/ukraine-emergency.html (22.08.2022)
• UNHCR Position on Returns to Ukraine https://www.refworld.org/docid/621de9894.html (26.09.2022)
• United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic A/HRC/34/64, https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/026/63/PDF/G1702663.pdf?OpenElement (16.06.2022)
• United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, ‘Ukraine: Civilian Casualty Update, (HRMMU) https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/Ukraine%20-
• %20civilian%20casualty%20update%20as%20of%2014%20August%202022%20ENG.pdf (24.08.2022)
• Turkey to Implement Pact Limiting Russian Warships to Black Sea, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-implement-international-pact-access-shipping-straits-due-ukraine-war-2022- 02-27/ (25.08.2022).
• “War Crimes” Committed by Russia, Assad Gov’t in Syria: Amnesty, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/11/war-crimes-committed-by-russia-assad-govt-in-syria-amnesty (16.06.2022). Yabancılar ev kiralayıp Türkiye’de oturum izni alıyor, https://www.borsamanset.com/yabancilar-ev-kiralayip-turkiyede-oturum-izni-aliyor-haber-98721 (01.09.2022).