NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19

Kenan Koçak; Ebru Türk Öztopal

doi:10.54282/inijoss.1017037

EN TR

NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19

Öz

Covid-19, opening a new page in world history by spreading all over the world, was announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The Covid-19 outbreak has caused more than five million deaths and lasting health problems and affacted economy and society. Wearing masks, physically distancing and even lockdowns have become our new normal. Not only scientists who worked on the prevention of this contagious disease but also scholars from other fields such as philosophy, sociology, arts, and literature, contributed to studies focusing on the reflection of Covid-19 in our lives. Comics has always been used as a medium to illustrate the catastrophes in human history, to raise awareness, and educate society. Graphic medicine, a field that blends medical humanities and comics, offers a broad space for all segments of society to express their feelings or experiences in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic. On the Graphic Medicine website, co-managers MK Czerwiec, and Alice Jaggers categorized comics produced in this period under the title of "Covid-19 Comics" by grouping them according to their themes and creators such as educational, vaccine-specific comics, ethics/social justice, by/about caregivers, by patients, coping and humour, and historic. This study will focus on the portrayal of caregivers as superheroes in selected Covid-19 comics both in print and on social media posts. The superhero metaphor in comics will be discussed in the context of graphic medicine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Comics, Graphic Medicine, Superhero, Healthcare Professionals

YENİ SÜPER KAHRAMANLAR: COVID-19 SÜRECİNDE GRAFİK TIPTA SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARININ TASVİRLERİ

Öz

Tüm dünyaya yayılarak dünya tarihinde yeni bir sayfa açan Covid-19, 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir Covid-19 salgını beş milyondan fazla ölüme ve kalıcı sağlık sorunlarına sebep olmuş ve ekonomiyi ve toplumu etkilemiştir. Maske takmak, fiziksel mesafeyi korumak ve hatta sokağa çıkma yasağı yeni normal haline gelmiştir. Bu bulaşıcı hastalığın önlenmesi için çalışan bilim insanlarının yanı sıra felsefe, sosyoloji, sanat, edebiyat gibi diğer alanlardan akademisyenler de Covid-19'un hayatımızdaki yansımasına odaklanan çalışmalara katkı sağlamıştır. Çizgi roman, insanlık tarihindeki felaketleri anlatmak, farkındalık yaratmak ve toplumu eğitmek için her zaman bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Tıbbi beşeri bilimleri ve çizgi romanı harmanlayan bir alan olan grafik tıp, Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde toplumun tüm kesimlerine duygularını veya deneyimlerini ifade etmeleri için geniş bir alan sunmuştur. Graphic Medicine internet sitesinde, ortak yöneticiler MK Czerwiec ve Alice Jaggers, bu dönemde üretilen çizgi romanları "Covid-19 Çizgi romanları" başlığı altında sınıflandırmıştır. Temalarına ve yaratıcılarına göre eğitici, aşıya özel çizgi romanlar, etik/sosyal adalet ile ilgili çizgi romanlar, sağlık çalışanları tarafından/onlar hakkında veya hastalar tarafından üretilen çizgi romanlar, başa çıkma ve mizah son olarak da tarihsel çizgi romanlar olarak adlandırılmışlardır. Bu çalışma, hem yayınlanmış hem de sosyal medya paylaşımlarından seçilen Covid-19 çizgi romanlarında sağlık çalışanlarının süper kahramanlar olarak tasvir edilmesine odaklanacaktır. Çizgi romanlardaki süper kahraman metaforu grafik tıp bağlamında ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Çizgiroman, Grafik Tıp, Süper Kahraman, Sağlık Çalışanları

Kaynakça

Callender, B., Obuobi, S., Czerwiec, M K., Williams, I. (2020). COVID-19, comics, and the visual culture of contagion. The Lancet, 396(10257): 1061-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32084-5
Chute, H. L. (2016). Disaster Drawn: Visual Witness, Comics, and Documentary Form. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Chute, H. L. (2017). Why Comics: From Underground to Everywhere. New York: HarperCollins.
Clark, Jessica. (2015, July 9). Superheroes in Scrubs: Depictions of Nurses in Comics, Bates Nursing History Center. https://batescenterblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/nurses-comics/
Coogan, P. (2009). The Definition of the Superhero. In J. Heer & K. Worchester (Eds.), A Comics Studies Reader (pp.77-93). USA: University Press of Mississippi.
Czerwiec, M. K. (2018). Representing AIDS in Comics. AMA Journal of Ethics, 20(2): 199-205. https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/representing-aids-comics/2018-02
Czerwiec, M.K. (2018, April 26). Opinion: Getting Graphic in Medicine: Using Comics to Tell Health Stories. Yahoo News. https://news.yahoo.com/news/opinion-getting-graphic-medicine-using-084524642.html
Czerwiec, M. K., Williams I, Squier, S. M., Green, M. J., Myers, K. R., & Smith, S. T. (2015). Graphic Medicine Manifesto. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Einboden, R. (2020). SuperNurse? Troubling the Hero Discourse in COVID times. Health, 24(4): 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459320934280
Garrett, G. (2008). Holy Superheroes! Revised and Expanded Edition: Exploring the Sacred in Comics, Graphic Novels, and Film. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.

Hansen, B. (2004). Medical History for the Masses: How American Comic Books Celebrated Heroes of Medicine in the 1940s. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 79(1): 148-191. https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2004.0018
Hayton, C. J., & Hayton, S. (2012). The Girls in White: Nurse Images in Early Cold War Era Romance and War Comics. In C. York & R. York (Eds.), Comic Books and The Cold War, 1946–1962: Essays on Graphic Treatment of Communism, the Code and Social Concerns (pp. 129-145). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
Ho, S. M. Y., Kwong-Lo, R. S. Y., Mak, C. W. Y., & Wong, J. S. (2005). Fear of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 344-349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.344
Ho, C.S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, 49(3), 155-160. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32200399/
Huang, C, Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y. … Zhang, L. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Klock, G. (2002). How to Read Superhero Comics and Why. New York: Continuum.
Lalchhandama, K. (2020). The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold. Science Vision, 20 (1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.33493/scivis.20.01.04
Li-Vollmer, M. (n.d.). Graphic Medicine in Public Health. Graphic Medicine. https://www.graphicmedicine.org/resources/liaison-program/public-health/
Lopes, P. (2009). Demanding Respect, The Evolution of the American Comic Book. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). COVID-19. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/COVID-19
Misiroglu, G. (2012). The Superhero Book, The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes. Canton: Visible Ink Press.
Sabin, R. (1996). Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: History of Comic Art. London: Phaidon.
Saji, S., Venkatesan, S., & Callender, B. (2021). Comics in the Time of a Pan(dem)ic: COVID-19, Graphic Medicine, and Metaphors. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 64(1), 136-154. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2021.0010
Sanderson, P., Misiroglu, G., & Eury M. (2017). Superhero. In Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/art/superhero
Skidmore, M. (2015, June 4). Drawing War Through The Eyes Of Joe Sacco: The unorthodox illustrator tells us why was is better hand-drawn. It’s nice that. https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/drawing-war-through-the-eyes-of-joe-sacco-the-unorthodox-illustrator-tells-us-why-was-is-better-hand-drawn.
Maus. (2021, June 09). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maus
Williams, I. (2013). The Portrayal of Illness in Underground and Autobiographical Comics. In V. Bates, A. Bleakley, & S. Goodman (Eds.), Medicine, Health and the Arts: Approaches to the Medical Humanities (pp. 65-83). Routledge.
Worden, D. (2015). Introduction: Drawing Conflicts. In D. Worden (Ed.), The Comics of Joe Sacco: Journalism in a Visual World (pp.11-27). University Press of Mississippi.
World Health Organization. (2020, April 23). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-94. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200423-sitrep-94-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=b8304bf0_4
World Health Organization. (2020, March 11). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. [Press release]. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
Wolf, K. (n.d). Climate Change & Environmentalists. Retrieved June 10, 2021 from https://www.graphicmedicine.org/comic-reviews/climate-change-environmentalists/
Žižek, S. (2020). Pandemic! COVID-19 Shakes the World. New York: OR Books.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Radyo-Televizyon

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Kenan Koçak ^*
0000-0002-6422-2329
Türkiye

Ebru Türk Öztopal
0000-0002-4181-9114
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2022

Gönderilme Tarihi

31 Ekim 2021

Kabul Tarihi

12 Ocak 2022

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1017037

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA33UJ94CE

APA

Koçak, K., & Türk Öztopal, E. (2022). NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1017037

AMA

1.Koçak K, Türk Öztopal E. NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19. INIJOSS. 2022;11(1):165-181. doi:10.54282/inijoss.1017037

Chicago

Koçak, Kenan, ve Ebru Türk Öztopal. 2022. “NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 (1): 165-81. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1017037.

EndNote

Koçak K, Türk Öztopal E (01 Haziran 2022) NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 1 165–181.

IEEE

[1]K. Koçak ve E. Türk Öztopal, “NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19”, INIJOSS, c. 11, sy 1, ss. 165–181, Haz. 2022, doi: 10.54282/inijoss.1017037.

ISNAD

Koçak, Kenan - Türk Öztopal, Ebru. “NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/1 (01 Haziran 2022): 165-181. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1017037.

JAMA

1.Koçak K, Türk Öztopal E. NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19. INIJOSS. 2022;11:165–181.

MLA

Koçak, Kenan, ve Ebru Türk Öztopal. “NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 11, sy 1, Haziran 2022, ss. 165-81, doi:10.54282/inijoss.1017037.

Vancouver

1.Kenan Koçak, Ebru Türk Öztopal. NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19. INIJOSS. 01 Haziran 2022;11(1):165-81. doi:10.54282/inijoss.1017037

NEW SUPERHEROES: THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN GRAPHIC MEDICINE DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

YENİ SÜPER KAHRAMANLAR: COVID-19 SÜRECİNDE GRAFİK TIPTA SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARININ TASVİRLERİ

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster