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HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR

Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2 31 Aralık 2025
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HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR

Öz

This study analyzes the main economic and structural factors affecting income inequality in the 27 member states of the EU for the period 2009-2022 using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Unlike traditional regression methods, GWR makes it possible to reveal the regional and local variability of the determinants of income inequality by taking into account spatial heterogeneities. In this study, the effects of macroeconomic variables, including per capita income, financial development, public expenditure, inflation and trade openness on the Gini coefficient, which is widely used to measure income distribution, are analyzed. The findings emphasize that the determinants of income inequality vary significantly across countries. For instance, the assumed non-linear relationship of the Kuznets curve does not appear to be valid in all EU countries. Financial development and trade openness have been empirically confirmed to increase income inequality. Conversely, the effect of public expenditures on income inequality is lower than expected, raising important questions about the effectiveness of public policies in this area. The effects of inflation on income inequality are heterogeneous across countries. However, it has been revealed that low levels of inflation in the Euro area during the study period have a limiting function on income inequality. Results indicate that economic policies aiming to achieve income justice should be designed by taking into account the specific socio-cultural, institutional and economic structures of countries. Taking regional differences into account is considered to be a critical element for policymakers in targeting a sustainable and fair income distribution at both national and European levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Income Distribution, Growth, Financial Development, Inflation, Geographically Weighted Regression

Kaynakça

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  5. Alesina, A., & Ardagna, S. (2010). Large changes in fiscal policy: taxes versus spending. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  6. Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., & Tanzi, V. (2010). Income distribution determinants and public spending efficiency. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(3), 367-389.
  7. Anselin L. (2013). Spatial econometrics: methods and models. Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. Autor, D. H., Dorn, D., Hanson, G. H., & Song, J. (2014). Trade adjustment: worker-level evidence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1799-1860.
  9. Awe, A., & Rufus, O. O. (2012). Determinants of income distribution in the Nigeria economy: 1977-2005. International Business and Management, 5(1), 126-137.
  10. Beck, T. (2003). Financial and legal institutions and firm size (Vol. 2997). World Bank Publications.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gülcü, Y. (2025). HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1653191
AMA
1.Gülcü Y. HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR. INIJOSS. 2025;14(2):556-568. doi:10.54282/inijoss.1653191
Chicago
Gülcü, Yunus. 2025. “HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 (2): 556-68. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1653191.
EndNote
Gülcü Y (01 Aralık 2025) HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 2 556–568.
IEEE
[1]Y. Gülcü, “HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR”, INIJOSS, c. 14, sy 2, ss. 556–568, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.54282/inijoss.1653191.
ISNAD
Gülcü, Yunus. “HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14/2 (01 Aralık 2025): 556-568. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1653191.
JAMA
1.Gülcü Y. HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR. INIJOSS. 2025;14:556–568.
MLA
Gülcü, Yunus. “HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR”. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 14, sy 2, Aralık 2025, ss. 556-68, doi:10.54282/inijoss.1653191.
Vancouver
1.Yunus Gülcü. HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE GWR. INIJOSS. 01 Aralık 2025;14(2):556-68. doi:10.54282/inijoss.1653191