AFGANİSTAN, HİNDİSTAN VE PAKİSTAN’IN TARİH ÖNCESİNDE ARKEOLOJİ VE METAL TEKNOLOJİSİ

Çev. Recep Özman

AFGANİSTAN, HİNDİSTAN VE PAKİSTAN’IN TARİH ÖNCESİNDE ARKEOLOJİ VE METAL TEKNOLOJİSİ

Öz

Hindistan ve Pakistan’daki son araştırmalar İndus Medeniyeti ile ilgili bilgilerimizi artırdı. Ancak Eski Dünya prehistorik medeniyetlerinin coğrafik olarak en geniş dağılımı, kökeni ve düşüşüyle ilgili bilgilerimiz hâlâ eksiktir. En eski metal teknolojisi İran’la erken ilişkilere işaret eden Afganistan ve Belûcistan’daki Kalkolitik kültürlerde temsil edilmektedir. İndus Medeniyetinin daha geç olan başlangıcıyla açıkça Batı’dan temin edilen metalürji, teknik olarak mükemmel bir zanaattır. Metal objelerin teknolojik işlemleri ve tipolojik görünümleri tartışılır. Ganj-Jumna’nın metal birikimleri paralel olmamakla birlikte Hindistan’da yaygın bir metalürji geleneği olarak görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan,Hindistan,Pakistan,Arkeoloji,Metal Teknolojisi

Kaynakça

Caldwell, j. R.-s. M. Shahmırzadı, 1966,Tal-i-Iblis: the Kerman range and the beginnings of smelting. Springfield, Illinois State Museum.
Camphell,S.,1916,A note on the copper Celts in Manbhum. Journal ofthe Bihar Orissa Research Society, No. 2.
Casal, J- M.,1961,Fouilles de Mundigak. Memoires de la Delegation Casal, J- M.,1964a,Fresh digging at Amri. Pakistan Archaeology, s. 57-65
Casal, J- M.,1964b,Fouilles d’Amri. Paris.
Chılde, V.G.,1929, Prehistory of the Danube. Oxfdord.
Chılde, V.G., 1936,Distribution of headed pins,Liverpool Annals of Archaeology 23: 113-191 Chılde, V.G., 1957,The dawn of European civilization, 6th ed. New York.
Coghlan, H. H.,1951,Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper and bronze in the Old World, Occasional Papers of Technology,4, Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.
Coghlan, H. H.,1960,Prehistorical working of bronze and arsenical copper, Sibrium 5: 145-152.
Dales, George, F.,1962,Harappan outposts on the Makran coast, Antiquity 36: 86-92
Dales, George, F., 1964,The mythical massacre at Mohanjodaro, Expedition 6, 3: 36-43

Dales, George, F.,1965,A suggested chronology for Afghanistan, Baluchistan and the Indus Valley, In Chronolgies in old World arcaeology, R. W. Ehrich, ed. Chicago
Dales, George, F.,1966,The decline of the Harappans, Scientific American 214,5: 93-100.
Desehayes, J.,1960,Les outils de bronze de l'Indus au Danuble, Paris
Dunand, M.,1939,Fouilles de Byblos, Vol. I, Paris
Duppre, L.,1963,Deh Morasi Ghundai: a chalcolithic site in south central Afghanistan, Anthropological Papers of the Museum Natural History 50, pt. 2, New York
Faırservıs, W. A.,1956, Excavations in the Quetta Valley, West Pakistan.AnthropologicalPapers of the American Museum of NaturalHistory, 45, New York.
Faırservıs, W. A., 1961Archaeological studies in the Seistan Basin of southwestern Afghanistan and eastern Iran,
AnthropologicalPapers of the American Museum of Natural History, 48,New York.
Frankfort, H.,1939,Cylinder seals, a documentary essay on the art andreligion of the ancient Near East. London.
Ghırsman, R.,1938,Fouilles de Sialk. Vol. I, II. Paris, Paul Geunther.
Ghosh, A.,1965, The Indus Civilization: its origins, authors, extent andchronology. In Indian prehistory: l964. V. N. Misra ve M. S. Mate, eds. Dekken College Building Centenary andSilver Jubilee Series, No. 32.
Gordon, D. H.,1950,The early use of metals in India and Pakistan. Journal of the RoyalAnthropological Society 80: 55-78
Gordon, D. H.,1958,The prehistoric background of Indian culture, Bombay.
Gowland, H.,1912, The metals in antiquity. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 42 : 235-287.
Hargreaves. H.,1925, Excavations in Baluchistan, Archaeological Survey ofIndia, Memoir 35, New Delhi.
Heıne-Geldern, R. Von, 1936,Archaeological traces of Vedic Aryans, Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art 4: 87-113.
Heıne-Geldern, R. Von, 1956The coming of the Aryans and the end of the Harappancivilization. Man 56: 146-163.
Hole, F., and K. Flannery, 1962,Excavations at Ali Kosh, Iran, 1961. Iranica Antiqua, No. 2, pp. 97-148. lndian Archaeology, 1955/56-1960/61 Department of Archaeology, Governmentof India, New Delhi.
Joshı, J. P.,1962,Comparative stratigraphy of the protohistoric culturesof the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent, The Eastern Anthropologist 15, 3: 2-35.
Kramer, S. N.,1963,Dilmun: the quest for paradise. Antiquity 37, 146: 111-115
Lal, B. B.,1950,Copper hoards of the Gangetic Basin. Ancient India, 6: 117-146.
Lal, B. B., 1951,Further copper hoards from the Gangetic Basin and a review of the problem, Ancient India, 7: 20-39
Lal, B. B.,1953,Protohistoric investigation. Ancient India 9: 80-102.
Lal, B. B.,1962,An Indus Valley provincial capital discovered: excavations at Kalibangan in northern Rajasthan, IllustratedLondon News, March 24, pp. 454-459.
Lal, B. B.,1963, A picture emerges: an assessment of the carbon-14dating of the protohistoric cultures of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent, Ancient India 18/19: 208 ff
Lal, B. B.,1964, Indian archaeology since independence. New Delhi.
Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.,1965, The development of a metallurgical technology, documentedearly finds of metals in the Near East and theevidence from Hasanlu, Iran. Ph.D. thesis. University ofPennsylvania.
Langsdorff,a.,-D. G. McCown, 1942, Tall-i-Bakun A, season of 1932, Oriental Institute Publication,Vol. 59, Chicago.
Lebreton, L.,1957, The early periods at Susa, Mesopotamian relations, Iraq 19, 2: 79-124.
Mackay, E.,1938, Further excavations at Mohanjodaro, London.
Mackay, E.,1938, MACKAY, E.,1938, 1943, Chanhudaro excavations, 1935-36. New Haven, American Oriental Society.
Mackay, E.,1938, 1948, Early Indus Civilization. 2nd ed. London.
Majumdar, N. G.,1934, Explorations in Sind. Archaeological Survey of India, Memoir 48, New Delhi.
Marshall, J.,1931,Mohanjodaro and the Indus Civilization, London, Arthur Probsthain.
McCown, D.,1942, The comparative stratigraphy of early Iran. Chicago.
Oppenheım, A. L.,1954, The seafaring merchants of Ur, Journal of the AmericanOriental Society 74: 6-17.
Pakistan Archaeology, 1964, Department of Archaeology, Pakistan.
Pıggott, S.,1943, Dating the Hissar sequence: the Indian evidence, Antiquity17: 169-182.
Pıggott, S.,1944, Copper hoards of the Ganges Jumna Valley, Antiquity18: 236 ff.
Pıggott, S.,1946, The chronology of prehistoric northwest India, AncientIndia 1: 15-21.
Pıggott, S.,1947, Notes on certain metal pins and a macehead from Harappa, Ancient India 4: 26-41.
Pıggott, S.,1950, Prehistoric India. Baltimore.
Raıkes. R. L.,1964, The end of the ancient cities of the Indus, AmericanAnthropologist 66: 284-299.
Rao, S. R., ET AL., 1963, Excavations at Rangpur and other explorations in Gujarat, Ancient India 18/19: 5-207.
Report of the Archaeological Department. H.E.H. The Nizam’sDominion.,1937-40, Hyderabad State, Dekken.
Ross, E. J.,1946, A chalcolithic site in northern Baluchistan. Journal ofNear Eastern Studies 5: 291-315. Sankalıa, H. D., 1955, Report on the excavations at Nasik and Jorwe, 1950-51, Poona.
Sankalıa, H. D., 1960, From history to prehistory at Nevasa (1954-1956).Dekken College, University of Poona, Publication 1.
Sankalıa, H. D.,1963, Prehistory and protohistory in India and Pakistan.Poona.
Sankalıa, H. D.,1965, Traditional Indian chronology and C-14 dates of excavated sites,In Indian prehiatory 1964, V. N. Misra andM. S. Mate, eds. Dekken College.
Sastrı, H.,1915, Recent additions to our knowledge of the copper ageantiquities of India, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal2: 113-115.
Schaeffer, C.,1948, Stratigraphic comparee et chronologie de I’Asie Occidentale, Oxford.
Schmıdt, E. F.,1937, Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan 1931-1933Philadelphia.
Smıth, V.,1905,Copper age prehistoric bronze implements of India, Indian Antiquary 32: 1-6.
Smıth, V., 1907,The copper age and prehistoric bronze implements of India, Indian Antiquary 34: 234-236.
Steın,A .,1924, An archaeological tour in Waziristan and Baluchiatan, Archaeological Survey of India, Memoir 37, New Delhi.
Steın, A ., 1931, An archaeological tour of Gedrosia, ArchaeologicalSurvey of India, Memoir 43, New Delhi.
Steın, A .,1937,Archaeological reconnaissance in northeastern India and southeastern Iran, London, Macmillan and Co.
Thapar, B. K.,1965,The relationship of the Indian chalcolithic cultureswith West Asia,In Indian Prehistory: 1964. V. N. Misra and M. S. Mate, eds. Dcccan College.
Vats, M. S.,1940,Excavations at Harappa, New Delhi.
Wertıme, T. A.,1964,Man’s first encounters with metallurgy, Science 146,3649: 1257-1268.
Wheeler, M.,1948,Brahmagira and Chandravalle, Ancient India 4: 222-252
Wheeler, M.,1959,Early India and Pakistan. New York.
Wheeler, M.,1961,Ancient India,In The dawn of civilization. Stuart Piggott, ed. New York Wheeler, M.,1962,The Indus civilization, 2nd ed Cambridge.
Wheeler, M.,1966,Civilizations of the Indus Valley and beyond, London.Thames and Hudson.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Çev. Recep Özman

Yayımlanma Tarihi

1 Temmuz 2016

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Ocak 2016

Kabul Tarihi

1 Ocak 2016

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2016 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76PK28ME

APA

Özman, Ç. R. (2016). AFGANİSTAN, HİNDİSTAN VE PAKİSTAN’IN TARİH ÖNCESİNDE ARKEOLOJİ VE METAL TEKNOLOJİSİ. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 17-38. https://izlik.org/JA76PK28ME