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DİN VE SOSYAL SAPMA ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNE SOSYOLOJİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 468 - 492, 31.12.2020

Öz

Türkiye’de din ve suç arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan çalışmalar Batı ülkeleri ile kıyasladığında sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu çalışma ile iki amaç güdülmektedir: İlki, bu çalışma ile İslam ve suç/sosyal sapma arasında bir ilişkinin olup olmadığı, şayet var ise ilişkinin suçu önleyici yönde olup olmadığının tespit edilmesidir. İkinci amaç ise, Durkheim’dan etkilenerek Stark tarafından oluşturulmuş olan “ahlaki/dini topluluk tezi” çerçevesinde Türkiye’de İslam-suç ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda Malatya İnönüÜniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin iki fakülte türüüzerinden karşılaştırmalınicel analizleri yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak anket kullanılmıştır. Araştırma ile öncelikle korelasyon analizi ardından ise çoklu doğrusal/ klasik regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarına göre, İslam ve suç/ sosyal sapma arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yani, İslam dininin suç/ sosyal sapma üzerindeki etkisi azaltıcı (engelleyici) yöndedir. Daha da önemlisi ve bu tezin odağı olan, dinin suç üzerindeki etkisinin içinde yaşanılan topluluğun dindarlık/ahlaki derecesine bağlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Kısacası, ahlaki topluluk teorisinin aksine, yaşanılan ortamın dindarlık derecesi bireyi suç/ sosyal sapma davranışına yönelmede azaltıcı veya vazgeçirici bir etkiye sahip olmadığı görülmüştür.

Teşekkür

Çalışmanın Doktora çalışmam kapsamında anket uygulamama izin veren Malatya İnönü Üniversitesi Öğrenci İşlerine, İlahiyat Fakültesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi ve Mühendislik Fakültesi değerli hocalarına ve uygulamaya katılan ve soruları cevaplayan üniversite öğrencilerine çok teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Raiya, H., Pargament, K., Mahoney, A. ve Stein, C. (2008). A Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness: Development and Evidence For Reliability and Validity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18 (4), 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508610802229270
  • Adamczyk, A. (2012). Understanding Delinquency With Friendship Group Religious Context. Social Science Quarterly, 3(2), 482–505.DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00839.x
  • Adamczyk, Amy ve Hayes, Brittany E. (2012). Religion and Sexual Behaviors Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage. American Sociological Review, 77, 723–46. DOI: 10.1177/0003122412458672
  • Adamczyk, A., Freilich, J. D. ve Kim, C. (2017). Religion and Crime : A Systematic Review and Assessment of Next Steps. Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review, 78(2), 192–232. DOI:10.1093/socrel/srx012
  • Akalın, Adnan (2013). İslam Hukuku Açısından Suçun Unsurları. e-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, X, 50-72. Erişim adresi https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sarkiat/issue/11245/134389
  • Akşit, Bahattin, Şentürk, Recep, Cengiz, Kurtuluş ve Küçükural, Önder (2012). Türkiye'de Dindarlık: Sosyal Gerilimler Ekseninde İnanç ve Yaşam Biçimleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Albrecht, Stan L.; Chadwick, Bruce A. ve Alcorn, David S. (1977). Religiosity and Deviance: Application of an Attitude-Behavior Contingent Consistency Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16, 263–74.
  • Bahr, Stephen J.; Hawks, R. D. ve Wang, G. (1993). Family and Religious Influences on Adolescent Substance Abuse. Youth and Society, 24, 443-65.
  • Bahr, Stephen J. ve Hoffmann, John P. (2008). Religiosity, Peers, and Adolescent Drug Use. Journal of Drug Issues, 38 (3), 743–769.
  • Bardakoğlu, Ali (2017). İslam Işığında Müslümanlığımızla Yüzleşme. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları.
  • Bayraktutar, M. (2011). Suç Önlemede Di̇nî ve Ahlâkî Değerlerin Rolü. Suçu Önleme Sempozyumu, s. 7–22.
  • Benda, B. B. (1995). The Effect of Religion on Adolescent Delinquency Revisited. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 446-466.
  • Benda, Brent B. ve Corwyn, Robert F. (2001). Are the Effects of Religion on Crime Mediated, Moderated and Misrepresented by Inappropriate Measures?. Journal of Social Service Research, 27: 57–86. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v27n03_04
  • Brownfield, D. ve Sorenson, A. M. (1991). Religion and Drug Use among Adolescents: A Social Support Conceptualization and Interpretation. Deviant Behavior, 12, 259-276. Burkett, S. R. ve White, M. (1974). Hellfire and Delinquency: Another Look. Joumal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 455-462
  • Chadwick, Bruce A. ve Top, Brent L. (1993). Religiosity and Delinquency Among LDS Adolescents. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32(1), 51-67.
  • Cochran, J. K. ve Akers, R. L. (1989). Beyond HeIlfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26, 198-225.
  • Cochran, J. K.; Wood, P. K. ve Arneklev, B J. (1994). Is the Religiosity Delinquency Relation Ship Spurious? A Test of Arousal and Social Control Theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 92-123.
  • Durrant, R. ve Poppelwell, Z. (2017). Religion, Crime and Punishment: An Evolutionary Perspective. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • Durkheim, Emile (1912) 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen, E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
  • Elliott, D. S. ve Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling race and class-differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95–110. Erişim adresi https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095245
  • Ellis, L.ve Peterson, J. (1996). Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 761–768. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(96)00023-2
  • Finke, Roger ve Adamczyk, Amy (2008). Cross-National Moral Beliefs: The Influence of National Religious Context. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 617–52. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00130.x
  • Groves, W. Byron; Newman, Graeme ve Corrado, Charles (1987). Islam, Modernization and Crime: A Test of the Religious Ecology Thesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 495–503.
  • Helal, Adel A. ve Coston, Charisse T.M. (1991). Low Crime Rates in Bahrain: Islamic Social Control, Testing the Theory of Synnomie. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 15 (1), 125–144.
  • Higgins, Paul C. ve Albrecht, Gary L. (1977). Hellfire and Delinquency Revisited. Social Forces. 55, 952–958.
  • Hirschi, T ve Stark, Rodney (1969). Hellfire and Delinquency. Social Problems, 17, 202–213. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/799866
  • İçli, T. G. (2007a). Kriminoloji. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Johnson, Byron R.; Larson, D. B.; De Li, S. ve Jang, S. J. (2000). Escaping From The Crime Of İnner Cities: Church Attendance and Religious Salience Among Disadvantaged Youth, Justice Quarterly. 17(2), 377–391. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000096371 Johnson, Byron R. ve Jang, S. J. (2011). The Effects of Childhood Exposure to Drug Users and Religion on Drug Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Youth Society, 43, 1220. DOI: 10.1177/0044118X10393483
  • Kızmaz, Zahir (2005). Din ve Suçluluk: Suç Teorileri Açısından Kuramsal Bir Yaklaşım. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(15), 189–215.
  • Kızmaz, Zahir (2010). Din ve Suç: Cezaevinde Hükümlü Bulunan Bazı Suçluların Dindarlık Durumları. SBArD. 16, 27–58.
  • Koç, Bozkurt (2011). Okullarda Şiddet. İstanbul: E Yazı Yayınları.
  • Korukçu, Adem (2010). Yaygın Din Eğitiminde İlahiyat Fakültelerinin Yeri ve Önemi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 8(20), 99-122. Erişim adresi https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ded/issue/29180/312471
  • Köksal, F. ve Eliş, Y.Y. (2011). Hukuk Sisteminde Suç ve Unsurları. Ankara: Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • Lombroso, C. (1911). Crime, Its Causes, and Remedies. Boston: Little.
  • Özbay, Özden (2005). The Factors Leading to Juvenile Delinquency: School, Family, District and Substance Use”. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, 115-144.
  • Özbay, Özden (2007). Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Din ve Sosyal Sapma. C.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31(1), 1–24.
  • Özbay, Özden (2015). Does Islam Deter Crime in a Secular Islamic Country? The Case of Turkey. Contemporary Social Science, 11(4), 1–21.
  • Regnerus, M. D. (2003). Moral Communities and Adolescent Delinquency: Religious Contexts and Community Social Control. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), 523–554. Erişim adresi https://www.jstor.org/stable/4120721
  • Rhodes, Albert Lewis ve Reiss, Albert, J. (1970). The Religious Factor and Delinquent Behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 7, 83–98.
  • Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein (2001-2002). Islam and Crime: The Moral Community of Muslims. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 4, 111–131.
  • Stack, Steven ve Kposowa, Augustine J. (2011). Religion and Suicide Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 289–306. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01568.x
  • Stark, Rodney (1996). Religion as Context: Hellfire and Delinquency One More Time. Sociology of Religion, 57(2), 163. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/3711948
  • Stark, Rodney (2001). Gods, Rituals and the Moral Order. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 619–636.
  • Stark, Rodney; Kent, L. ve Doyle, D. P. (1982). Religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a “Lost” Relationship. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(1), 4–24. DOI: 10.1177/002242788201900102
  • Sturgis, P. W. ve Baller, R. D. (2012). Religiosity and Deviance: An Examination of the Moral Community and Antiasceticism Hypotheses Among US Adults. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 51(4), 809-820. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01681.x
  • Taş, Kemaleddin ve Gürler, Adem (2011). Din ve Suç İlişkisi Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma. Journal of Islamic Research, 22(1), 12-25.
  • Tubergen, F. Van; Grotenhuis, M. ve Ultee, W. (2005). Denomination, Religious Context, and Suicide: Neo-Durkheimian Multilevel Explanations Tested With İndividual and Contextual Data. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 797–823. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/497307
  • Turner, Bryan (2005). The Sociology of Religion in C. Calhoun. B. Turner and Chris Rojek. (eds.). The Sage Handbook of Sociology. Thousand Oaks: 284-301.
  • Ulmer, J. T.; Bader, C. ve Gault, M. (2008). Do Moral Communities Play a Role in Criminal Sentencing? Evidence From Pennsylvania. Sociological Quarterly, 49(4), 737–768. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00134.x.
  • Yücel, Mustafa T. (2004). Kriminoloji. İstanbul: Umut Vakfı Yay.
  • Welch, Michael R.; Tittle, Charles R. ve Petee, Thomas (1991). Religion and Deviance among Adult Catholics: A Test of the “Moral Communities” Hypothesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 159-172. DOI: 10.2307 / 1387210

RELIGION AND SOCIAL DEVIATION: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 468 - 492, 31.12.2020

Öz

The number of studies focusing on the relationship between religion and crime in Turkey is limited when compared with Western countries. With this work, two goals are pursued: First, whether there is a relationship between this study and Islam and crime / social deviation, If there is, it is to determine whether the relationship is in a preventive way or not. In this sense, the second goal is to examine the crime-Islamic relations in Turkey which the framework of "moral community thesis" created by Stark influenced by Durkheim. Within these two purposes, comparative quantitative analyzes were made on two faculty types on students studying at Malatya İnönü University.The survey was used as a data collection tool. With the research firstcorrelation analysis was performed, and then multiple linear / classical regression analysis was performed. According to the results of the research, there is a negative relationship between Islam and crime / deviation. In other words, the effect of the religion of Islam on crime / deviation is in a decreasing (preventive) direction. More importantly, it has been determined that the focus of this dissertation does not depend on the degree of religious /moral community in which the impact of religion on crime is experienced. In short, contrary to the moral community theory, it was seen that the degree of piety of the living environment did not have a reducing or dissuasive effect on the individual towards criminal /social deviation behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Raiya, H., Pargament, K., Mahoney, A. ve Stein, C. (2008). A Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness: Development and Evidence For Reliability and Validity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18 (4), 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508610802229270
  • Adamczyk, A. (2012). Understanding Delinquency With Friendship Group Religious Context. Social Science Quarterly, 3(2), 482–505.DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00839.x
  • Adamczyk, Amy ve Hayes, Brittany E. (2012). Religion and Sexual Behaviors Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage. American Sociological Review, 77, 723–46. DOI: 10.1177/0003122412458672
  • Adamczyk, A., Freilich, J. D. ve Kim, C. (2017). Religion and Crime : A Systematic Review and Assessment of Next Steps. Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review, 78(2), 192–232. DOI:10.1093/socrel/srx012
  • Akalın, Adnan (2013). İslam Hukuku Açısından Suçun Unsurları. e-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, X, 50-72. Erişim adresi https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sarkiat/issue/11245/134389
  • Akşit, Bahattin, Şentürk, Recep, Cengiz, Kurtuluş ve Küçükural, Önder (2012). Türkiye'de Dindarlık: Sosyal Gerilimler Ekseninde İnanç ve Yaşam Biçimleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Albrecht, Stan L.; Chadwick, Bruce A. ve Alcorn, David S. (1977). Religiosity and Deviance: Application of an Attitude-Behavior Contingent Consistency Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16, 263–74.
  • Bahr, Stephen J.; Hawks, R. D. ve Wang, G. (1993). Family and Religious Influences on Adolescent Substance Abuse. Youth and Society, 24, 443-65.
  • Bahr, Stephen J. ve Hoffmann, John P. (2008). Religiosity, Peers, and Adolescent Drug Use. Journal of Drug Issues, 38 (3), 743–769.
  • Bardakoğlu, Ali (2017). İslam Işığında Müslümanlığımızla Yüzleşme. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları.
  • Bayraktutar, M. (2011). Suç Önlemede Di̇nî ve Ahlâkî Değerlerin Rolü. Suçu Önleme Sempozyumu, s. 7–22.
  • Benda, B. B. (1995). The Effect of Religion on Adolescent Delinquency Revisited. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 446-466.
  • Benda, Brent B. ve Corwyn, Robert F. (2001). Are the Effects of Religion on Crime Mediated, Moderated and Misrepresented by Inappropriate Measures?. Journal of Social Service Research, 27: 57–86. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v27n03_04
  • Brownfield, D. ve Sorenson, A. M. (1991). Religion and Drug Use among Adolescents: A Social Support Conceptualization and Interpretation. Deviant Behavior, 12, 259-276. Burkett, S. R. ve White, M. (1974). Hellfire and Delinquency: Another Look. Joumal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 455-462
  • Chadwick, Bruce A. ve Top, Brent L. (1993). Religiosity and Delinquency Among LDS Adolescents. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32(1), 51-67.
  • Cochran, J. K. ve Akers, R. L. (1989). Beyond HeIlfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26, 198-225.
  • Cochran, J. K.; Wood, P. K. ve Arneklev, B J. (1994). Is the Religiosity Delinquency Relation Ship Spurious? A Test of Arousal and Social Control Theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 92-123.
  • Durrant, R. ve Poppelwell, Z. (2017). Religion, Crime and Punishment: An Evolutionary Perspective. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • Durkheim, Emile (1912) 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen, E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
  • Elliott, D. S. ve Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling race and class-differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95–110. Erişim adresi https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095245
  • Ellis, L.ve Peterson, J. (1996). Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 761–768. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(96)00023-2
  • Finke, Roger ve Adamczyk, Amy (2008). Cross-National Moral Beliefs: The Influence of National Religious Context. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 617–52. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00130.x
  • Groves, W. Byron; Newman, Graeme ve Corrado, Charles (1987). Islam, Modernization and Crime: A Test of the Religious Ecology Thesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 495–503.
  • Helal, Adel A. ve Coston, Charisse T.M. (1991). Low Crime Rates in Bahrain: Islamic Social Control, Testing the Theory of Synnomie. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 15 (1), 125–144.
  • Higgins, Paul C. ve Albrecht, Gary L. (1977). Hellfire and Delinquency Revisited. Social Forces. 55, 952–958.
  • Hirschi, T ve Stark, Rodney (1969). Hellfire and Delinquency. Social Problems, 17, 202–213. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/799866
  • İçli, T. G. (2007a). Kriminoloji. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Johnson, Byron R.; Larson, D. B.; De Li, S. ve Jang, S. J. (2000). Escaping From The Crime Of İnner Cities: Church Attendance and Religious Salience Among Disadvantaged Youth, Justice Quarterly. 17(2), 377–391. Erişim adresi https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000096371 Johnson, Byron R. ve Jang, S. J. (2011). The Effects of Childhood Exposure to Drug Users and Religion on Drug Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Youth Society, 43, 1220. DOI: 10.1177/0044118X10393483
  • Kızmaz, Zahir (2005). Din ve Suçluluk: Suç Teorileri Açısından Kuramsal Bir Yaklaşım. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(15), 189–215.
  • Kızmaz, Zahir (2010). Din ve Suç: Cezaevinde Hükümlü Bulunan Bazı Suçluların Dindarlık Durumları. SBArD. 16, 27–58.
  • Koç, Bozkurt (2011). Okullarda Şiddet. İstanbul: E Yazı Yayınları.
  • Korukçu, Adem (2010). Yaygın Din Eğitiminde İlahiyat Fakültelerinin Yeri ve Önemi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 8(20), 99-122. Erişim adresi https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ded/issue/29180/312471
  • Köksal, F. ve Eliş, Y.Y. (2011). Hukuk Sisteminde Suç ve Unsurları. Ankara: Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  • Lombroso, C. (1911). Crime, Its Causes, and Remedies. Boston: Little.
  • Özbay, Özden (2005). The Factors Leading to Juvenile Delinquency: School, Family, District and Substance Use”. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, 115-144.
  • Özbay, Özden (2007). Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Din ve Sosyal Sapma. C.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31(1), 1–24.
  • Özbay, Özden (2015). Does Islam Deter Crime in a Secular Islamic Country? The Case of Turkey. Contemporary Social Science, 11(4), 1–21.
  • Regnerus, M. D. (2003). Moral Communities and Adolescent Delinquency: Religious Contexts and Community Social Control. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), 523–554. Erişim adresi https://www.jstor.org/stable/4120721
  • Rhodes, Albert Lewis ve Reiss, Albert, J. (1970). The Religious Factor and Delinquent Behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 7, 83–98.
  • Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein (2001-2002). Islam and Crime: The Moral Community of Muslims. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 4, 111–131.
  • Stack, Steven ve Kposowa, Augustine J. (2011). Religion and Suicide Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 289–306. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01568.x
  • Stark, Rodney (1996). Religion as Context: Hellfire and Delinquency One More Time. Sociology of Religion, 57(2), 163. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/3711948
  • Stark, Rodney (2001). Gods, Rituals and the Moral Order. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 619–636.
  • Stark, Rodney; Kent, L. ve Doyle, D. P. (1982). Religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a “Lost” Relationship. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(1), 4–24. DOI: 10.1177/002242788201900102
  • Sturgis, P. W. ve Baller, R. D. (2012). Religiosity and Deviance: An Examination of the Moral Community and Antiasceticism Hypotheses Among US Adults. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 51(4), 809-820. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01681.x
  • Taş, Kemaleddin ve Gürler, Adem (2011). Din ve Suç İlişkisi Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma. Journal of Islamic Research, 22(1), 12-25.
  • Tubergen, F. Van; Grotenhuis, M. ve Ultee, W. (2005). Denomination, Religious Context, and Suicide: Neo-Durkheimian Multilevel Explanations Tested With İndividual and Contextual Data. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 797–823. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/497307
  • Turner, Bryan (2005). The Sociology of Religion in C. Calhoun. B. Turner and Chris Rojek. (eds.). The Sage Handbook of Sociology. Thousand Oaks: 284-301.
  • Ulmer, J. T.; Bader, C. ve Gault, M. (2008). Do Moral Communities Play a Role in Criminal Sentencing? Evidence From Pennsylvania. Sociological Quarterly, 49(4), 737–768. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00134.x.
  • Yücel, Mustafa T. (2004). Kriminoloji. İstanbul: Umut Vakfı Yay.
  • Welch, Michael R.; Tittle, Charles R. ve Petee, Thomas (1991). Religion and Deviance among Adult Catholics: A Test of the “Moral Communities” Hypothesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 159-172. DOI: 10.2307 / 1387210
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatma Takmaz Demirel 0000-0003-3447-3394

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirel, F. T. (2020). DİN VE SOSYAL SAPMA ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNE SOSYOLOJİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 468-492.

İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 

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