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STEPHEN CRANE'IN THE OPEN BOAT VE GUY DE MAUPASSANT'IN BALL OF FAT ESERLERİNDE SOSYAL DARWİNİZM TEMSİLLERİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 262 - 272, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1368707

Öz

Sosyal Darwinizm, doğal seçilim gibi biyolojik kavramları ve "en uygun olanın hayatta kalması" teorisini sosyoloji ve politikaya uyguladığını iddia eden 19. yüzyıl İngiliz filozofu Herbert Spenser tarafından ortaya atılan bir terimdir. Spencer, The Social Organism (1860) adlı makalesinde toplumu yaşayan bir organizmaya benzetir ve biyolojik organizmaların doğal seçilim yoluyla gelişmesi gibi, toplumun da benzer süreçler yoluyla geliştiğini ve karmaşıklığının arttığını savunur. Aslında Spencer'ın en önemli eseri Progress: Its Law and Cause (1857), Darwin'in Türlerin Kökeni kitabının yayınlanmasından iki yıl önce yayımlanmıştı. Ancak Spenser'in sosyolojideki teorileri, Darwin'in biyoloji bilimindeki teorileriyle pek çok benzerlik taşıdığından, günümüz bilim dünyasında 'Sosyal Darwinizm' terimi hala Charles Darwin'e atfedilmektedir. Bu nedenle Spenser, Darwin'in bilimsel teorisini kötüye kullandığı ve Darwin'in kesinlikle karşı çıkacağı şekilde fikirlerini uyguladığı için çoğu Darwinist tarafından eleştirilmektedir.

Sosyal Darwinizm, doğal seçilim gibi biyolojik kavramları ve "en uygun olanın hayatta kalması" teorisini, sosyoloji ve politikaya uyguladığını iddia eden 19. yüzyıl İngiliz filozof Herbert Spenser tarafından ortaya atılan bir terimdir. Spencer, The Social Organism (1860) adlı makalesinde toplumu yaşayan bir organizmaya benzetir ve biyolojik organizmaların doğal seçilim yoluyla gelişmesi gibi, toplumun da benzer süreçler yoluyla geliştiğini ve karmaşıklığının arttığını savunur. Ancak Spenser'in sosyolojideki teorileri, Darwin'in biyoloji bilimindeki teorileriyle pek çok benzerlik taşıdığından, günümüz bilim dünyasında 'Sosyal Darwinizm' terimi hala Charles Darwin'e atfedilmektedir. Bu nedenle, çoğu Darwinist, Spenser’in, Darwin'in bilimsel teorisini öncelediğini ve Darwin'in fikirlerini onun kesinlikle kabul edeceği şekillerde uyarladığını kabul etmektedir.
Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, modern toplumdaki uygulamalarının mağdur edici doğasını vurgulamak için, Sosyal Darwinizm'in seçilmiş kısa öykülerdeki temsillerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için öncelikle Stephen Crane'in The Open Boat (1897) adlı eseri, vahşi bir doğal ortamda hayatta kalma mücadelesini ve bunun kapitalist toplumsal düzende insanın rekabet gücüyle sembolik benzerliğini göstermek üzere analiz edilecektir. Daha sonra, 20. yüzyıl Fransız toplumunda insanoğlunun açgözlü doğasını ve ikiyüzlülüğünü göstermek amacıyla, Guy De Maupassant'ın Ball of Fat (1880) adlı eseri incelenecektir. Her iki örnekte de bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Sosyal Darwinizm'in sonuçlarının nasıl trajik sonlara yol açtığına ve modernleşen topluma en az uygun görülenleri nasıl mağdur ettiğine dair tasvirleri vurgulamak olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Billingslea, O. (1994). Why does the oiler "Drown"? Perception and cosmic chill in "The Open Boat". American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, 27(1), 23-41.
  • Bender, B. (1979). The Nature and significance of "Experience" in "The Open Boat". The Journal of Narrative Technique, 9(2), 70-80.
  • Claeys, G. (2000). The "Survival of the Fittest" and the origins of Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, 61(2), 223-240.
  • Colvert, J. (1995). Stephen Crane and postmodern theory. American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, 28(1), 4-22.
  • Crane, S. (2016). The open boat and other stories. Rastro Digital. (Original work published 1898)
  • Darwin, C. (1998). On the origin of species. Wordsworth Editions Limited. (Original work published 1859)
  • Dudley, J. (2002). "Subtle Brotherhood" in Stephen Crane's "Tales of Adventure": Alienation, Anxiety, and the Rites of Manhood. American Literary Realism, 34(2), 95-118.
  • Duncan, M. G. (1999). Romantic outlaws, beloved prisons: the unconscious meanings of crime and punishment. NYU Press.
  • Grace, E. R. & Montagu, M. F. A. (1942). More on Social Darwinism. Science & Society, 6(1), 71-78.
  • Halliday, R. J. (1971). Social Darwinism: A definition. Victorian Studies, 14(4), 389-405.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (2005). Generalizing Darwinism to social evolution: Some early attempts. Journal of Economic Issues, 39(4), 899-914.
  • Jones, J. (1982). Social Darwinism reconsidered. Political Psychology, 3(2), 239-266.
  • Maupassant, G. (2010). Ball of fat (A. E. Henderson, Trans.) Filiquarian. (Original work published 1880)
  • Midgley, M. (1983). Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism. Philosophy, 58(225), 365-377.
  • Randel, W. (1962). The cook in “The Open Boat”. American Literature, 34(3), 405-411.
  • Rogers, J. A. (1972). Darwinism and Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, 33(2), 265-280.
  • Ruse, M. (1980). Social Darwinism: The Two Sources. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 12(1), 23-36.
  • Shulman, R. (1978). Community, perception, and the development of Stephen Crane: From The Red Badge to The Open Boat. American Literature, 50(3), 441-460.
  • Simon, W. M. (1960). Herbert Spencer and the "Social Organism". Journal of the History of Ideas, 21(2), 294-299.
  • Spencer, H. (1860). The social organism. The Westminster Review. 57, 468-501.
  • Spofford, W. K. (1979). Stephen Crane's “The Open Boat”: fact or fiction? American Literary Realism, 12(2), 316-321. Westbrook, M. (1962). Stephen Crane's social ethic. American Quarterly, 14(4), 587-596.

REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL DARWINISM IN STEPHEN CRANE’S THE OPEN BOAT AND GUY DE MAUPASSANT’S BALL OF FAT

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 262 - 272, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1368707

Öz

Social Darwinism is a term promoted by the 19th century British philosopher, Herbert Spenser, who simply claims to apply biological concepts of natural selection and ‘survival of the fittest’ theory to sociology and politics. In his article, The Social Organism (1860), Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection, society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes. In fact, Spencer's major work, Progress: Its Law and Cause (1857), was released two years before the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. However, the term ‘Social Darwinism’ is still attributed to Charles Darwin in today’s scientific world since Spenser’s theories in sociology bear many similarities to those of Darwin’s in biological science. Therefore, Spenser is criticized by most Darwinists for misusing Darwin’s scientific theory and for applying his ideas in a way that Darwin would certainly object to.

Social Darwinism is a concept coined by British philosopher Herbert Spencer, who apply biological concepts such as natural selection and the theory of "survival of the fittest" to politics and sociology. In his essay, The Social Organism (1860), Spencer likens society to a living organism and suggests that as biological organisms develop via natural selection, society also develops and increases in complexity through similar processes. However, since Spencer's theories in sociology bear many similarities to Darwin's theories in biological science, the term 'Social Darwinism' is still referred to Charles Darwin in today's scientific world. For this reason, Spencer has been acknowledged by most Darwinists for preceding Darwin's scientific theory and applying his ideas in ways that Darwin would have strongly agreed on.
In this context, this study aims to examine representations of Social Darwinism in selected short stories to highlight the victimizing nature of its practices in modern society. For this, first, Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (1897) will be analyzed to show the struggle for survival in a wild natural environment and its symbolic similarity with the competitiveness of man in the capitalist social order. Then, Guy De Maupassant's Ball of Fat (1880) will be examined to show the greedy nature of human beings and the theme of hypocrisy in 20th century French society. In both examples, the main purpose of this study will be to highlight depictions of how the consequences of Social Darwinism lead to tragic ends and victimize those deemed least fit for modernizing society.

Kaynakça

  • Billingslea, O. (1994). Why does the oiler "Drown"? Perception and cosmic chill in "The Open Boat". American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, 27(1), 23-41.
  • Bender, B. (1979). The Nature and significance of "Experience" in "The Open Boat". The Journal of Narrative Technique, 9(2), 70-80.
  • Claeys, G. (2000). The "Survival of the Fittest" and the origins of Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, 61(2), 223-240.
  • Colvert, J. (1995). Stephen Crane and postmodern theory. American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, 28(1), 4-22.
  • Crane, S. (2016). The open boat and other stories. Rastro Digital. (Original work published 1898)
  • Darwin, C. (1998). On the origin of species. Wordsworth Editions Limited. (Original work published 1859)
  • Dudley, J. (2002). "Subtle Brotherhood" in Stephen Crane's "Tales of Adventure": Alienation, Anxiety, and the Rites of Manhood. American Literary Realism, 34(2), 95-118.
  • Duncan, M. G. (1999). Romantic outlaws, beloved prisons: the unconscious meanings of crime and punishment. NYU Press.
  • Grace, E. R. & Montagu, M. F. A. (1942). More on Social Darwinism. Science & Society, 6(1), 71-78.
  • Halliday, R. J. (1971). Social Darwinism: A definition. Victorian Studies, 14(4), 389-405.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (2005). Generalizing Darwinism to social evolution: Some early attempts. Journal of Economic Issues, 39(4), 899-914.
  • Jones, J. (1982). Social Darwinism reconsidered. Political Psychology, 3(2), 239-266.
  • Maupassant, G. (2010). Ball of fat (A. E. Henderson, Trans.) Filiquarian. (Original work published 1880)
  • Midgley, M. (1983). Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism. Philosophy, 58(225), 365-377.
  • Randel, W. (1962). The cook in “The Open Boat”. American Literature, 34(3), 405-411.
  • Rogers, J. A. (1972). Darwinism and Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, 33(2), 265-280.
  • Ruse, M. (1980). Social Darwinism: The Two Sources. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 12(1), 23-36.
  • Shulman, R. (1978). Community, perception, and the development of Stephen Crane: From The Red Badge to The Open Boat. American Literature, 50(3), 441-460.
  • Simon, W. M. (1960). Herbert Spencer and the "Social Organism". Journal of the History of Ideas, 21(2), 294-299.
  • Spencer, H. (1860). The social organism. The Westminster Review. 57, 468-501.
  • Spofford, W. K. (1979). Stephen Crane's “The Open Boat”: fact or fiction? American Literary Realism, 12(2), 316-321. Westbrook, M. (1962). Stephen Crane's social ethic. American Quarterly, 14(4), 587-596.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dünya Dilleri, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veysel İşçi 0000-0001-5187-5120

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA İşçi, V. (2024). REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL DARWINISM IN STEPHEN CRANE’S THE OPEN BOAT AND GUY DE MAUPASSANT’S BALL OF FAT. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 262-272. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1368707

İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 

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