THE IMPACT OF HEALTH LITERACY AND HEALTH BELIEFS ON THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS CANCER SCREENING: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 422 - 435, 20.06.2024
Sait Söyler
,
Fatmanur Güvenç
,
Doğancan Çavmak
Öz
Early detection of any cancer is crucial for effective treatment. Cancer screening programs are extensively implemented in numerous countries for this purpose. The acceptance of screening programs by young populations is important because their attendance at these programs can reduce the burden of cancer in the health system in the future. Therefore, investigating young people’s attitudes towards cancer screening can be useful to enhance the effectiveness of screening programs. This study aims to examine this phenomenon by analyzing the effects of health literacy level and health beliefs on cancer. The study has been designed in a cross-sectional type. 419 people between the ages of 18 and 30 have been included in the study. The results showed significant relations between health literacy, health beliefs, and attitudes towards cancer screening. Health literacy, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers explained 38% of the variance in attitudes toward cancer screening. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing information about the perceptions of the young population about cancer screening programs and their predictors.
Kaynakça
- Abraham C. & Sheeran P. (2015). The health belief model. In: Predicting and changing health behaviour, research and practice with social cognition models. Eds: Conner M, Norman P, 3rd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press.
- Aiken, L.S, West, S. G., Woodward, C. K., Reno, R. R. & Reynolds, K. D. (1994). Increasing screening mammography in asymptomatic women: Evaluation of a second-generation, theory-based program. Health Psychology, 13 (6), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.13.6.526
- Ampofo, A. G., Adumatta, A. D., Owusu, E. & Awuviry-Newton, K. (2020). A cross-sectional study of barriers to cervical cancer screening uptake in Ghana: An application of the health belief model. PloS One, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231459
- Barnes, R. J. (2000). Beliefs and practicies of active duty air force males related to testicular cancer and testicular self examination.( Master of Science Thesis). University Archives. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,. Bethesda, Maryland.
- Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K.E., Halpern, D. J. & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97–107.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
- Darvishpour, A., Vajari, S. M. & Noroozi, S. (2018). Can health belief model predict breast cancer screening behaviors? Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 6, 949–53.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.183
- Davis, T. C., Dolan, N. C., Ferreira, M. R., Tomori, C., Green, K. W., Sipler, A. M., & Bennett, C. L. (2001). The role of inadequate health literacy skills in colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Investigation, 19(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1081/CNV-100000154
- Demirbaş, N. & Onmaz, M. (2021). Sağlık inanç modeli ile erkeklerin prostat kanseri taramalarına ilişkin inanç ve algı düzeyleri ile etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 25(4), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.54308/tahd.2021.52714
- Doğan, N., Kaçan, T. & Doğan, I. (2020). Analysis of trends in cancer-related mortality in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Oncology, 35(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.5505/tjo.2019.2074
- Duong, T. V., Aringazina, A., Kayupova, G., Nurjanah, F., Pham, T. V., Pham, K. M. & Chang, P. W. (2019). Development and validation of a new short-form health literacy instrument (HLS-SF12) for the general public in six Asian countries. Health Literacy Research and Practice, 3(2), e90-e102 https://doi.org/10.3928/24748307-20190225-01
- Fisher, J. D. & Fisher, W.A. (2000). Handbook of HIV prevention. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
Goto, E., Ishikawa, H., Okuhara, T. & Kiuchi, T. (2019). Relationship of health literacy with utilization of health-care services in a general Japanese population. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14, 100811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.01.015
- Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin.
Han, H. R., Huh, B., Kim, M. T., Kim, J. & Nguyen, T. (2014). Development and validation of the assessment of health literacy in breast and cervical cancer screening. Journal of health communication, 19(2), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.936569
- Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmator factor analysis. London: Oxford University
Johnson, C.E., Mues, K.E., Mayne, S.L. & Kiblawi, A.N. (2008). Cervical cancer screening among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a systematic review using the health belief model. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 12, 3, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0b013e31815d8d88
- Karadas, M., Celik, H. M., Serpen, U., & Toksoy, M. (2015). Multiple regression analysis of performance parameters of a binary cycle geothermal power plant. Geothermics, 54, 68-75.
- Karahan Yılmaz, S. & Eskici, G. (2021). Sağlık Okuryazarlığı ölçeği-kısa form ve dijital sağlıklı diyet okuryazarlığı ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 19-25.
- Kaya, C., Üstü, Y., Özyörük, E., Aydemir, Ö., Şimşek, Ç. & Şahin, A.D. (2017). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Kanser Taramaları Hakkındaki Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Medical Journal. 17(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.95107
- Kearney, N., Miller, M., Paul, J., Smith, K. & Rice, A. (2003). Oncology Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes To Cancer: A Professional Concern. Annals of Oncology. 14(1), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg018
- Keser Şahin, H. H., Aslan, O. & Şahin, M. (2020). Evaluation of cancer-related deaths in Türkiye between 2009-2018: An epidemiological study. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 4(8), 674-677. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.779292
- Kim, K. & Han, H. R. (2016). Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: a systematic review. Psycho‐Oncology, 25(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3883
- Kuralay, Ç., Ayyıldız, N. İ., & Evcimen, H. (2021). Kanser etkinliğine katılan bireylerin kansere ilişkin tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 531-538.
- Lau, J., Lim, T. Z., Wong, G.J. & Tan, K. K. (2020). The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports. 20, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
- Li, C. C., Matthews, A. K. & Dong, X. (2018). The influence of health literacy and acculturation on cancer screening behaviors among older Chinese Americans. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 4, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721418778193
- Luquis, R. R. & Kensinger, W. S. (2019). Applying the health belief model to assess prevention services among young adults. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1549958
- Nutbeam, D. & Kickbusch, I. (1998). Health promotion glossary. Health Promotion International, 13(4), 349-364.
O’Connor, B.B. (1995). Health traditions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Oliver, J. S., Grindel, C. G., DeCoster, J., Cassandra, D. F. & Martin, M. Y. (2011). Benefits barriers, sources of influence, and prostate cancer screening among rural men. Public Health Nursing. 28(6), 515-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00956.x
- Pak, N. & Yıldız S. E. (2020). Kars/Sarıkamış ilçesinde yaşayan kadınların kendi kendine meme muayenesi hakkındaki sağlık inançlarının incelenmesi. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 151-157.
- Peterson, N. B., Dwyer, K. A., Mulvaney, S. A., Dietrich, M. S. & Rothman, R. L. (2007). The influence of health literacy on colorectal cancer screening knowledge, beliefs and behavior. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(10), 1105.
- Pınar, G., Öksüz, E., Beder, A. & Elbaş, N. Ö. (2011). Testis kanseri taramalarında Champion’un sağlık inanç modeli ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının güvenirlik ve geçerliliği. Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 89-96.
- Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. health education behavior. South African Journal of Psychology, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403
- Sentell, T. L., Tsoh, J. Y., Davis, T., Davis, J., Braun, K. L. (2015). Low health literacy and cancer screening among Chinese Americans in California: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open. 5(1). e006104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006104.
- Shah, M. A. A., Ozel, G., Chesneau, C., Mohsin, M., Jamal, F., & Bhatti, M. F. (2020). A statistical study of the determinants of rice crop production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(1), 97-105.
- Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fuchs, H. E. & Jemal A (2022). Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles trends and determinants. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 72(1), 7-33.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108
- Simmons, R. A., Cosgrove, S. C., Romney, M. C., Plumb, J. D., Brawer, R. O., Gonzalez, E. T. & Moore, B. S. (2017). Health literacy: cancer prevention strategies for early adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 73-S77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.016
- Subramanian, S., Klosterman, M., Amonkar, M. M. & Hunt, T. L. (2004). Adherence with colorectal cancer screening guidelines: a review. Preventive Medicine, 38(5), 536-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.011
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (2021). Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, 2017. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2017.pdf (Accessed on December 2022).
- Torre, L. A., Siegel, R. L., Ward, E.M. & Jemal, A. (2016). Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends–an update. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 25(1), 16−27. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578
- Uysal, N. & Toprak, F. Ü. (2022). Kadınların sağlık algıları, kanser taramalarına yönelik tutumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.926839
- Wang, X., Chen, D., Xie, T. & Zhang, W. (2019). Predicting women's intentions to screen for breast cancer based on the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45(12), 2440-2451. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14109
- WCRF International. https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/worldwide-cancer-data/ (Accessed on December 2022).
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Cancer - Screening and early detection. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/cancer-screening-and-early-detection-of-cancer (Accessed on December 2022).
- World Health Organization (WHO). Health Topics/Cancer, https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1 (Accessed on December 2022).
- Yıldırım Öztürk, E. N., Uyar, M. & Şahi̇n, T. K. (2020). Development of an attitude scale for cancer screening. Turkish Journal of Oncology, 35(4), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.5505/tjo.2020.2341
Sağlık Okuryazarlığı ve Sağlık İnançlarının Kanser Taramalarına Yönelik Tutumlar Üzerindeki Etkisi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 422 - 435, 20.06.2024
Sait Söyler
,
Fatmanur Güvenç
,
Doğancan Çavmak
Öz
Herhangi bir kanser türünün erken teşhisi, etkili bir tedavi için çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla birçok ülkede erken teşhis için kanser tarama programları yaygın olarak uygulanmaktadır. Tarama programlarının genç nüfus tarafından kabul edilmesi, bu programlara katılımlarının gelecekte sağlık sistemindeki kanserin yükünü azaltabileceği için önemlidir. Bu nedenle, genç popülasyonda kanser taramasına yönelik tutumların incelenmesi, tarama programlarının etkinliğini artırmak için yararlı olabilir. Bu çalışma, sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyi ve sağlık inançlarının kanser taramalarına ilişkin tutumları üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyerek bu olguyu açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kesitsel tipte tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 18-30 yaş arası 419 kişi dahil edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sağlık okuryazarlığı, sağlık inançları ve kanser taramasına yönelik tutumlar arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Sağlık okuryazarlığı, algılanan ciddiyet, algılanan faydalar ve algılanan engeller, kanser taramasına yönelik tutumlardaki varyansın %38'ini açıklamaktadır. Bu çalışma, genç nüfusun kanser tarama programları ve bu programları etkileyen faktörler hakkındaki algılarına yönelik bilgi sağlayarak mevcut bilgi birikimine katkıda bulunmaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Tarsus Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu tarafından 30/06/2022 tarihinde 2022/58 sayılı karar ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Abraham C. & Sheeran P. (2015). The health belief model. In: Predicting and changing health behaviour, research and practice with social cognition models. Eds: Conner M, Norman P, 3rd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press.
- Aiken, L.S, West, S. G., Woodward, C. K., Reno, R. R. & Reynolds, K. D. (1994). Increasing screening mammography in asymptomatic women: Evaluation of a second-generation, theory-based program. Health Psychology, 13 (6), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.13.6.526
- Ampofo, A. G., Adumatta, A. D., Owusu, E. & Awuviry-Newton, K. (2020). A cross-sectional study of barriers to cervical cancer screening uptake in Ghana: An application of the health belief model. PloS One, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231459
- Barnes, R. J. (2000). Beliefs and practicies of active duty air force males related to testicular cancer and testicular self examination.( Master of Science Thesis). University Archives. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,. Bethesda, Maryland.
- Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K.E., Halpern, D. J. & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97–107.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
- Darvishpour, A., Vajari, S. M. & Noroozi, S. (2018). Can health belief model predict breast cancer screening behaviors? Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 6, 949–53.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.183
- Davis, T. C., Dolan, N. C., Ferreira, M. R., Tomori, C., Green, K. W., Sipler, A. M., & Bennett, C. L. (2001). The role of inadequate health literacy skills in colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Investigation, 19(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1081/CNV-100000154
- Demirbaş, N. & Onmaz, M. (2021). Sağlık inanç modeli ile erkeklerin prostat kanseri taramalarına ilişkin inanç ve algı düzeyleri ile etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 25(4), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.54308/tahd.2021.52714
- Doğan, N., Kaçan, T. & Doğan, I. (2020). Analysis of trends in cancer-related mortality in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Oncology, 35(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.5505/tjo.2019.2074
- Duong, T. V., Aringazina, A., Kayupova, G., Nurjanah, F., Pham, T. V., Pham, K. M. & Chang, P. W. (2019). Development and validation of a new short-form health literacy instrument (HLS-SF12) for the general public in six Asian countries. Health Literacy Research and Practice, 3(2), e90-e102 https://doi.org/10.3928/24748307-20190225-01
- Fisher, J. D. & Fisher, W.A. (2000). Handbook of HIV prevention. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
Goto, E., Ishikawa, H., Okuhara, T. & Kiuchi, T. (2019). Relationship of health literacy with utilization of health-care services in a general Japanese population. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14, 100811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.01.015
- Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin.
Han, H. R., Huh, B., Kim, M. T., Kim, J. & Nguyen, T. (2014). Development and validation of the assessment of health literacy in breast and cervical cancer screening. Journal of health communication, 19(2), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.936569
- Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmator factor analysis. London: Oxford University
Johnson, C.E., Mues, K.E., Mayne, S.L. & Kiblawi, A.N. (2008). Cervical cancer screening among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a systematic review using the health belief model. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 12, 3, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0b013e31815d8d88
- Karadas, M., Celik, H. M., Serpen, U., & Toksoy, M. (2015). Multiple regression analysis of performance parameters of a binary cycle geothermal power plant. Geothermics, 54, 68-75.
- Karahan Yılmaz, S. & Eskici, G. (2021). Sağlık Okuryazarlığı ölçeği-kısa form ve dijital sağlıklı diyet okuryazarlığı ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 19-25.
- Kaya, C., Üstü, Y., Özyörük, E., Aydemir, Ö., Şimşek, Ç. & Şahin, A.D. (2017). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Kanser Taramaları Hakkındaki Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Medical Journal. 17(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.95107
- Kearney, N., Miller, M., Paul, J., Smith, K. & Rice, A. (2003). Oncology Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes To Cancer: A Professional Concern. Annals of Oncology. 14(1), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg018
- Keser Şahin, H. H., Aslan, O. & Şahin, M. (2020). Evaluation of cancer-related deaths in Türkiye between 2009-2018: An epidemiological study. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 4(8), 674-677. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.779292
- Kim, K. & Han, H. R. (2016). Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: a systematic review. Psycho‐Oncology, 25(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3883
- Kuralay, Ç., Ayyıldız, N. İ., & Evcimen, H. (2021). Kanser etkinliğine katılan bireylerin kansere ilişkin tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 531-538.
- Lau, J., Lim, T. Z., Wong, G.J. & Tan, K. K. (2020). The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports. 20, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
- Li, C. C., Matthews, A. K. & Dong, X. (2018). The influence of health literacy and acculturation on cancer screening behaviors among older Chinese Americans. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 4, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721418778193
- Luquis, R. R. & Kensinger, W. S. (2019). Applying the health belief model to assess prevention services among young adults. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1549958
- Nutbeam, D. & Kickbusch, I. (1998). Health promotion glossary. Health Promotion International, 13(4), 349-364.
O’Connor, B.B. (1995). Health traditions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Oliver, J. S., Grindel, C. G., DeCoster, J., Cassandra, D. F. & Martin, M. Y. (2011). Benefits barriers, sources of influence, and prostate cancer screening among rural men. Public Health Nursing. 28(6), 515-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00956.x
- Pak, N. & Yıldız S. E. (2020). Kars/Sarıkamış ilçesinde yaşayan kadınların kendi kendine meme muayenesi hakkındaki sağlık inançlarının incelenmesi. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 151-157.
- Peterson, N. B., Dwyer, K. A., Mulvaney, S. A., Dietrich, M. S. & Rothman, R. L. (2007). The influence of health literacy on colorectal cancer screening knowledge, beliefs and behavior. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(10), 1105.
- Pınar, G., Öksüz, E., Beder, A. & Elbaş, N. Ö. (2011). Testis kanseri taramalarında Champion’un sağlık inanç modeli ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının güvenirlik ve geçerliliği. Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 89-96.
- Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. health education behavior. South African Journal of Psychology, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403
- Sentell, T. L., Tsoh, J. Y., Davis, T., Davis, J., Braun, K. L. (2015). Low health literacy and cancer screening among Chinese Americans in California: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open. 5(1). e006104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006104.
- Shah, M. A. A., Ozel, G., Chesneau, C., Mohsin, M., Jamal, F., & Bhatti, M. F. (2020). A statistical study of the determinants of rice crop production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(1), 97-105.
- Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fuchs, H. E. & Jemal A (2022). Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles trends and determinants. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 72(1), 7-33.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108
- Simmons, R. A., Cosgrove, S. C., Romney, M. C., Plumb, J. D., Brawer, R. O., Gonzalez, E. T. & Moore, B. S. (2017). Health literacy: cancer prevention strategies for early adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 73-S77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.016
- Subramanian, S., Klosterman, M., Amonkar, M. M. & Hunt, T. L. (2004). Adherence with colorectal cancer screening guidelines: a review. Preventive Medicine, 38(5), 536-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.011
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (2021). Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, 2017. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2017.pdf (Accessed on December 2022).
- Torre, L. A., Siegel, R. L., Ward, E.M. & Jemal, A. (2016). Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends–an update. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 25(1), 16−27. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578
- Uysal, N. & Toprak, F. Ü. (2022). Kadınların sağlık algıları, kanser taramalarına yönelik tutumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.926839
- Wang, X., Chen, D., Xie, T. & Zhang, W. (2019). Predicting women's intentions to screen for breast cancer based on the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45(12), 2440-2451. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14109
- WCRF International. https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/worldwide-cancer-data/ (Accessed on December 2022).
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Cancer - Screening and early detection. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/cancer-screening-and-early-detection-of-cancer (Accessed on December 2022).
- World Health Organization (WHO). Health Topics/Cancer, https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1 (Accessed on December 2022).
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