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Eşitsizlikle Mücadelede Başka Bir Yol Mümkün (mü?): Brezilya’daki “Topraksızlar” Deneyimini Anlamak

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 471 - 504, 15.12.2020

Öz

Dünyanın farklı bölgeleri gibi Latin Amerika’da toplumsal hareketler çok farklı yöntemler benimsemiştir. Kültürel, dinî, siyasi ve toplumsal normlar/motivasyonlar farklılık gösterdiği için eşitsizlikle mücadele yöntemi de farklılıklar içermektedir. Her ne kadar mücadeleleri, yöntemleri, talepleri, doğmuş oldukları şartlar farklı olsa da son kertede söz konusu hareketlerin paylaştığı ortak noktanın “kapitalizmle mücadele ve emperyalizme muhalefet” olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Kıtadaki hiçbir toplumsal hareket, izledikleri yöntem ve kamuoyundaki tepkileri açısından Brezilya’daki Topraksız Kır İşçileri Hareketi (MST) kadar dikkatleri üzerine çekmeyi başaramamıştır. Brezilya ve Latin Amerika’daki en iyi örgütlenmiş, etki gücü yüksek ve en aktif olan bu örgütün yöntem, içerik ve yayılım açısından benzeri olmayan ve eşitsizlikle mücadelede en başarılı örgütlerin başında yer alması, hareketin ideolojik formasyonu ve örgütsel yapısının çok güçlü olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu makale, özü itibarıyla eşitsizlikle mücadelede daha önce hiç denenmemiş bir yöntemi benimseyen ve oldukça da başarılı sonuçlar elde eden aynı zamanda Topraksızlar hareketi olarak bilinen MST’yi konu edinmiştir. Çalışma, örgütün eşitsizlikle mücadelede temayüz ettiği çalışma sistematiği, başarılı olmasını sağlayan unsurların incelenmesi dışında eylemlerini (işgalleri) hangi felsefi ve ideolojik kökene dayandırdığı ve nasıl meşrulaştırıldığını incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Makale, üç temel iddia üzerine kurulmuştur. Öncelikle hareketin farklı birçok hususiyetleri dışında diğer toplumsal hareketlerden ayrıştığı en önemli nokta, ekonomik ve toplumsal ilişkileri dönüştürmeyi amaçlanması dışında “yeni bir insan” yaratma misyonu üstlenmiş olmasıdır. İkinci olarak MST’nin başarılı olmasının en önemli nedeni, onun ademimerkeziyetçi yapısından ve işgale katılanların inisiyatif alabilmelerinden ileri gelmektedir. Son olarak hareketin eşitsizlikle mücadelesinde sonuç almadaki en güçlü motivasyonu “fiilî durum” yaratmış olması ve “geniş kitlelerin örgütlenmiş” olmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Amini, B. (2017). The strength of our collective voice: Views from labor leaders from around the world. G. Comninel, M. Musto ve V. Wallis (Ed.). The International after 150 years: Labor vs capital, then and now içinde (ss. 143-165). Routledge.
  • Arditi, B. (2008). Arguments about the left turn(s) in Latin America: A post liberal politics? Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 59-81.
  • Ayhan, S. (1995). Paulo Freire: Yaşamı, eğitim felsefesi ve uygulaması üzerine. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 193-205.
  • Baletti, B., Johnson, T. M. ve Wolford, W. (2009). ‘Late mobilization’: Transnational peasant networks and grassroots organizing in Brazil and South Africa. S. M. B. Jr, M. Edelman ve C. Kay (Ed.). Transnational agrarian movements confronting globalization içinde (ss. 123-146). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barbosa, L. P. (2017). Educação do Campo [Education for and by the countryside] as a political project in the context of the struggle for land in Brazil. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(1), 118-143.
  • Barrett, P. S., Chavez, D. ve Garavito, C. A. R. (2008). The new Latin American left utopia reborn. Pluto Press.
  • Burges, S. W. (2009). Brazil: Toward a (neo) liberal democracy? J. Grugel (Ed.). Governance after neoliberalism in Latin America içinde (ss. 195-215). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buono, R. A. D. ve José Bell Lara. (2006). Introduction: Neoliberal crises and the resurgent left in Latin America. Critical Sociology, 32(1), 9-16.
  • Cardoso, F. S. (2012). A luta e a lida: Estudo do controle social do MST nos acampamentos e assentamentos de reforma agrária. PhD Thesis. Universidade de São Paulo.
  • Carter, M. (2015). An overview. M. Carter (Ed.). Challenging social ınequality: The landless rural workers movement and agrarian reform in Brazil içinde (ss. xxiii-xxx). Duke University Press.
  • Castañeda, J. (1993). Utopia unarmed: The Latin American left after the cold war. Alfred A Knopf.
  • Castañeda, J. (2006). Latin America’s Left Turn. Foreign affairs, 85(3), 28-43.
  • Chamber of Deputies. (2010). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: Constitutional text of October 5, 1988, with the alterations introduced by Constitucional Amendments. Documentation and Information Center Publishing Coordination Brasília. https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_ pais_b_1_en.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleary, E. L. (1997). The Brazilian catholic church and church-state relations: Nation-building. Journal of Church and State, 39(2), 253-272.
  • Fernandes, B. M. (2000). A formação do MST no Brasil. Vozes.
  • Fernandes, B. M. (2009). The MST and agrarian reform in Brazil. Socialism and Democracy, 23(3), 90-99.
  • Freire, P. (2017). Ezilenlerin pedagojisi (16. Baskı). D. Hattatoğlu ve E. Özbek (Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Freire, P. (2019). Özgürlüğün pedagojisi: Etik demokrasi ve medeni cesaret. G. Kurt-Gevinç (Çev.). Yordam Kitap.
  • Güder, S. (2008). Güney Amerika’da meydan okuyan sol mu? İLEM Yıllık, 3(3), 153-158.
  • Hammond, J. L. (1999). Law and disorder: The Brazilian landless farmworkers’ movement. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 18(4), 469-489.
  • Harnecker, M. (2006). Bir hareket yaratmak MST: topraksız kır işçileri hareketi. D. Tuna (Çev.). Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994). Age of extremes: The short twentieth century, 1914-1991. Viking Penguin. Informe latinobarómetro. (2007). Corporación Latinobarómetro.
  • Jilberto, A. E. F. (2008). Latin America: The end of the Washington Consensus, the state of democracy and the two lefts. Journal of Developing Societies, 24(3), 399-413.
  • Justo, M. G. (2005). “Exculhidos”: Ex-moradores de rua como camponeses num assentamento do MST. PhD Thesis. Universidade de São Paulo.
  • Kane, L. (2000). Popular education and the Landless People’s Movement in Brazil (MST). Studies in the Education of Adults, 32(1), 36-50.
  • Levy, C. (2013). Local politics in Brazil: How social movements have made a difference. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines Et Caraïbes, 38(1), 85-105.
  • Margheritis, A. (2007). The cycle of ideas and the search for an alternative. Latin American Perspectives, 34(3), 25-48.
  • Martins, M. D. (2000). The MST challenge to neoliberalism. Latin American Perspectives, 27(5), 33-45.
  • Mayo, P. (2015). Eğitimde “yeterlik” söylemi ve toplumsal eylemlilik ile eleştirel yurttaşlık mücadelesi. D. G. Di̇nç (Çev.). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(1), 233-244.
  • Mészáros, G. (2015). The MST and the rule of law in Brazil. M. Carter (Ed.), Challenging social inequality: The landless rural workers movement and agrarian reform in Brazil içinde (ss. 351-374). Duke University Press.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. (2008). What is new and what ıs left of the economic policies of the new left governments of Latin America? International Journal of Political Economy, 37(3), 82-108.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. C. ve Paunovic, I. (2006). The future of economic policy making by left-of-center governments in
  • Latin America: Old wine in new bottles? Post-Autistic Economics Review, 39(1), 2-7.
  • Mueller, C. C. (2009). Agricultural, agrarian, and environmental policy formation under Lula: the role of policy networks. J. Love ve W. Baer (Ed.). Brazil under Lula: Economy, politics, and society under the worker-presiden içinde (ss. 135-150). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Navarro, Z. (1994). Democracy, citizenship and representation: Rural social movements in Southern Brazil, 1978- 1990. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 13(2), 129-154.
  • Ondetti, G. (2010). Land, protest, and politics: The landless movement and the struggle for agrarian reform in Brazil. Penn State Press.
  • Pahnke, A. (2018). Brazil’s long revolution: Radical achievements of the landless workers movement. University of Arizona Press.
  • Pires-O Brien, J. (2004). Brazil under a labour government: Part one. The Contemporary Review, 1664, 150-156.
  • Proudhon, P. J. (2018). Mülkiyet nedir? Veya hukukun ve yönetimin ilkesi üzerine araştırmalar. D. Çetinkasap (Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Rangel, R. M. ve Garmendia, E. S. R. (2012). El Consenso de Washington: La instauración de las políticas neoliberales en América Latina. Políticay Cultura, 37, 35-64.
  • Saavedra, G. R. (2016). Otro mundo es posible. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(1), 137-140.
  • Saint-Upéry, M. (2007). Meydan okuyan sol: Bolivar’ın rüyası ve Güney Amerika. Ş. Sönmez ve C. Belge (Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Sallinger-McBride, J. ve Roberts, L. K. (1998). Conflict between the landed and the landless in Brazil. International Journal on World Peace, 15(4), 61-90.
  • Sanchez, F., Borges-Neto, J. M. ve Marques, R. M. (2008). Brazil. Lula’s government: A critical appraisal. P. S. Barrett, D. Chavez, C. A. R. Garavito (Ed.). The new Latin American left: Utopia reborn içinde (ss. 42-68). Pluto.
  • Sauer, S. (2019). Rural Brazil during the Lula administrations: Agreements with agribusiness and disputes in agrarian policies. F. Santana (Çev.). Latin American Perspectives, 46(4), 103-121.
  • Silva, L. (2002). Carta ao povo brasileiro [A Letter to the Brazilian People]. http://www.iisg.nl/collections/carta_ao_ povo_brasileiro.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Stedile, J. P. (2004). Brazil’s landless battalions. W. F. Bello (Ed.). A movement of movements: Is another world really possible içinde (ss. 17-48). Verso.
  • Tarlau, R. (2014). Thirty years of landless workers demanding state power. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 58, 88-94.
  • Tarlau, R. (2015). Education of the countryside at a crossroads: Rural social movements and national policy reform in Brazil. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(6), 1157-1177.
  • Tarlau, R. (2019). Occupying schools, occupying land: How the landless workers movement transformed Brazilian education. Oxford University Press.
  • The Friends of the MST (FMST). (2020, Temmuz 11). History of the MST. https://www.mstbrazil.org/content/ history-mst adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Veltmeyer, H. (2006). Latin Amerika ve başka bir kalkınma. Ö. Akpınar (Çev.). Kalkedon Yayıncılık.
  • Vendramini, C. R., Stronzake, J., Stronzake, J. ve Morais, S. P. (2016). Challenges of working-class education at present: The landless workers’ movement experience in Brazil. Inter. Labor Working-Class Hist. International
  • Labor and Working-Class History, 90, 196-202.
  • Vergara-Camus, L. (2012). The legacy of social conflicts over property rights in rural Brazil and Mexico: Current land struggles in historical perspective. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(5), 1133-1158.
  • Williamson, J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. Latin American adjustment: How much has happened içinde. Institute for International Economics. http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper. cfm?researchid=486 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wolford, W. (2003). Producing community: The MST and land reform settlements in Brazil. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(4), 500-520.
  • Wolford, W. (2004). This land is ours now: Spatial ımaginaries and the struggle for land in Brazil. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(2), 409-424.
  • Yeğin, M. (2004). Topraksızlar: Brezilya’da topraksız köylü hareketi: MST. İletişim.
  • Yeğin, M. (2006). Topraksızlar: Brezilya’da topraksız köylü hareketi: MST. İletişim.
  • Zell, M. C. (2007). The movement of the landless rural workers: Issues of development in Brazil. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 23(1), 61-68.

Another Way to Struggle Against Inequality (Is It Possible?): Understanding the “Landless” Experience in Brazil

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 471 - 504, 15.12.2020

Öz

Social movements in Latin America, as in different parts of the world, have adopted dissimilar methods. Since cultural, religious, political and social norms / motivations differ, the method of combating inequality and struggle shows differences. Although their struggles, methods, demands and conditions in which they were born are different, it is possible to say that the common point shared by these movements is “fighting capitalism and opposition to imperialism”. None social movement in Latin America has succeed to create a public opinion and as much attention as The Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil in terms of their method and public reaction. The movement, which is known well-organized, powerful and most active organization in Brazil and Latin America; is one of the most successful organizations in the fight against inequality in terms of method, content and dissemination. This arises from strong ideological formation and the organizational structure of the movement. This article focuses on the MST (also known as the Landless Movement), which adopts a method that has never been tried in the fight against inequality and has achieved very successful results. This paper aimed to examine which philosophical and ideological roots the actions (occupations) are based on and how it legitimizes these actions, apart from the work systematics that the organization has tempered in combating inequality and the examination of the factors that ensure its success. The article is based on three basic arguments. First of all, apart from many different aspects of the MST, the most important features that differs the movement from other social movements is that it has undertaken the mission of creating a “new person” except for aiming to transform economic and social relations. Secondly, the most important reason for MST’s success comes from its decentralized structure and the ability of the occupants to take initiative. Finally, the movement’s strongest motivation to achieve results in the fight against inequality is that it has created a “de facto situation” and that it has the power of “mobilizing large masses of people”.

Kaynakça

  • Amini, B. (2017). The strength of our collective voice: Views from labor leaders from around the world. G. Comninel, M. Musto ve V. Wallis (Ed.). The International after 150 years: Labor vs capital, then and now içinde (ss. 143-165). Routledge.
  • Arditi, B. (2008). Arguments about the left turn(s) in Latin America: A post liberal politics? Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 59-81.
  • Ayhan, S. (1995). Paulo Freire: Yaşamı, eğitim felsefesi ve uygulaması üzerine. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 193-205.
  • Baletti, B., Johnson, T. M. ve Wolford, W. (2009). ‘Late mobilization’: Transnational peasant networks and grassroots organizing in Brazil and South Africa. S. M. B. Jr, M. Edelman ve C. Kay (Ed.). Transnational agrarian movements confronting globalization içinde (ss. 123-146). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barbosa, L. P. (2017). Educação do Campo [Education for and by the countryside] as a political project in the context of the struggle for land in Brazil. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(1), 118-143.
  • Barrett, P. S., Chavez, D. ve Garavito, C. A. R. (2008). The new Latin American left utopia reborn. Pluto Press.
  • Burges, S. W. (2009). Brazil: Toward a (neo) liberal democracy? J. Grugel (Ed.). Governance after neoliberalism in Latin America içinde (ss. 195-215). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buono, R. A. D. ve José Bell Lara. (2006). Introduction: Neoliberal crises and the resurgent left in Latin America. Critical Sociology, 32(1), 9-16.
  • Cardoso, F. S. (2012). A luta e a lida: Estudo do controle social do MST nos acampamentos e assentamentos de reforma agrária. PhD Thesis. Universidade de São Paulo.
  • Carter, M. (2015). An overview. M. Carter (Ed.). Challenging social ınequality: The landless rural workers movement and agrarian reform in Brazil içinde (ss. xxiii-xxx). Duke University Press.
  • Castañeda, J. (1993). Utopia unarmed: The Latin American left after the cold war. Alfred A Knopf.
  • Castañeda, J. (2006). Latin America’s Left Turn. Foreign affairs, 85(3), 28-43.
  • Chamber of Deputies. (2010). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: Constitutional text of October 5, 1988, with the alterations introduced by Constitucional Amendments. Documentation and Information Center Publishing Coordination Brasília. https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_ pais_b_1_en.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleary, E. L. (1997). The Brazilian catholic church and church-state relations: Nation-building. Journal of Church and State, 39(2), 253-272.
  • Fernandes, B. M. (2000). A formação do MST no Brasil. Vozes.
  • Fernandes, B. M. (2009). The MST and agrarian reform in Brazil. Socialism and Democracy, 23(3), 90-99.
  • Freire, P. (2017). Ezilenlerin pedagojisi (16. Baskı). D. Hattatoğlu ve E. Özbek (Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Freire, P. (2019). Özgürlüğün pedagojisi: Etik demokrasi ve medeni cesaret. G. Kurt-Gevinç (Çev.). Yordam Kitap.
  • Güder, S. (2008). Güney Amerika’da meydan okuyan sol mu? İLEM Yıllık, 3(3), 153-158.
  • Hammond, J. L. (1999). Law and disorder: The Brazilian landless farmworkers’ movement. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 18(4), 469-489.
  • Harnecker, M. (2006). Bir hareket yaratmak MST: topraksız kır işçileri hareketi. D. Tuna (Çev.). Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994). Age of extremes: The short twentieth century, 1914-1991. Viking Penguin. Informe latinobarómetro. (2007). Corporación Latinobarómetro.
  • Jilberto, A. E. F. (2008). Latin America: The end of the Washington Consensus, the state of democracy and the two lefts. Journal of Developing Societies, 24(3), 399-413.
  • Justo, M. G. (2005). “Exculhidos”: Ex-moradores de rua como camponeses num assentamento do MST. PhD Thesis. Universidade de São Paulo.
  • Kane, L. (2000). Popular education and the Landless People’s Movement in Brazil (MST). Studies in the Education of Adults, 32(1), 36-50.
  • Levy, C. (2013). Local politics in Brazil: How social movements have made a difference. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines Et Caraïbes, 38(1), 85-105.
  • Margheritis, A. (2007). The cycle of ideas and the search for an alternative. Latin American Perspectives, 34(3), 25-48.
  • Martins, M. D. (2000). The MST challenge to neoliberalism. Latin American Perspectives, 27(5), 33-45.
  • Mayo, P. (2015). Eğitimde “yeterlik” söylemi ve toplumsal eylemlilik ile eleştirel yurttaşlık mücadelesi. D. G. Di̇nç (Çev.). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(1), 233-244.
  • Mészáros, G. (2015). The MST and the rule of law in Brazil. M. Carter (Ed.), Challenging social inequality: The landless rural workers movement and agrarian reform in Brazil içinde (ss. 351-374). Duke University Press.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. (2008). What is new and what ıs left of the economic policies of the new left governments of Latin America? International Journal of Political Economy, 37(3), 82-108.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. C. ve Paunovic, I. (2006). The future of economic policy making by left-of-center governments in
  • Latin America: Old wine in new bottles? Post-Autistic Economics Review, 39(1), 2-7.
  • Mueller, C. C. (2009). Agricultural, agrarian, and environmental policy formation under Lula: the role of policy networks. J. Love ve W. Baer (Ed.). Brazil under Lula: Economy, politics, and society under the worker-presiden içinde (ss. 135-150). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Navarro, Z. (1994). Democracy, citizenship and representation: Rural social movements in Southern Brazil, 1978- 1990. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 13(2), 129-154.
  • Ondetti, G. (2010). Land, protest, and politics: The landless movement and the struggle for agrarian reform in Brazil. Penn State Press.
  • Pahnke, A. (2018). Brazil’s long revolution: Radical achievements of the landless workers movement. University of Arizona Press.
  • Pires-O Brien, J. (2004). Brazil under a labour government: Part one. The Contemporary Review, 1664, 150-156.
  • Proudhon, P. J. (2018). Mülkiyet nedir? Veya hukukun ve yönetimin ilkesi üzerine araştırmalar. D. Çetinkasap (Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Rangel, R. M. ve Garmendia, E. S. R. (2012). El Consenso de Washington: La instauración de las políticas neoliberales en América Latina. Políticay Cultura, 37, 35-64.
  • Saavedra, G. R. (2016). Otro mundo es posible. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(1), 137-140.
  • Saint-Upéry, M. (2007). Meydan okuyan sol: Bolivar’ın rüyası ve Güney Amerika. Ş. Sönmez ve C. Belge (Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Sallinger-McBride, J. ve Roberts, L. K. (1998). Conflict between the landed and the landless in Brazil. International Journal on World Peace, 15(4), 61-90.
  • Sanchez, F., Borges-Neto, J. M. ve Marques, R. M. (2008). Brazil. Lula’s government: A critical appraisal. P. S. Barrett, D. Chavez, C. A. R. Garavito (Ed.). The new Latin American left: Utopia reborn içinde (ss. 42-68). Pluto.
  • Sauer, S. (2019). Rural Brazil during the Lula administrations: Agreements with agribusiness and disputes in agrarian policies. F. Santana (Çev.). Latin American Perspectives, 46(4), 103-121.
  • Silva, L. (2002). Carta ao povo brasileiro [A Letter to the Brazilian People]. http://www.iisg.nl/collections/carta_ao_ povo_brasileiro.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Stedile, J. P. (2004). Brazil’s landless battalions. W. F. Bello (Ed.). A movement of movements: Is another world really possible içinde (ss. 17-48). Verso.
  • Tarlau, R. (2014). Thirty years of landless workers demanding state power. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 58, 88-94.
  • Tarlau, R. (2015). Education of the countryside at a crossroads: Rural social movements and national policy reform in Brazil. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(6), 1157-1177.
  • Tarlau, R. (2019). Occupying schools, occupying land: How the landless workers movement transformed Brazilian education. Oxford University Press.
  • The Friends of the MST (FMST). (2020, Temmuz 11). History of the MST. https://www.mstbrazil.org/content/ history-mst adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Veltmeyer, H. (2006). Latin Amerika ve başka bir kalkınma. Ö. Akpınar (Çev.). Kalkedon Yayıncılık.
  • Vendramini, C. R., Stronzake, J., Stronzake, J. ve Morais, S. P. (2016). Challenges of working-class education at present: The landless workers’ movement experience in Brazil. Inter. Labor Working-Class Hist. International
  • Labor and Working-Class History, 90, 196-202.
  • Vergara-Camus, L. (2012). The legacy of social conflicts over property rights in rural Brazil and Mexico: Current land struggles in historical perspective. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(5), 1133-1158.
  • Williamson, J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. Latin American adjustment: How much has happened içinde. Institute for International Economics. http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper. cfm?researchid=486 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wolford, W. (2003). Producing community: The MST and land reform settlements in Brazil. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(4), 500-520.
  • Wolford, W. (2004). This land is ours now: Spatial ımaginaries and the struggle for land in Brazil. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(2), 409-424.
  • Yeğin, M. (2004). Topraksızlar: Brezilya’da topraksız köylü hareketi: MST. İletişim.
  • Yeğin, M. (2006). Topraksızlar: Brezilya’da topraksız köylü hareketi: MST. İletişim.
  • Zell, M. C. (2007). The movement of the landless rural workers: Issues of development in Brazil. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 23(1), 61-68.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Süleyman Güder

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Güder, S. (2020). Eşitsizlikle Mücadelede Başka Bir Yol Mümkün (mü?): Brezilya’daki “Topraksızlar” Deneyimini Anlamak. İnsan Ve Toplum, 10(4), 471-504.