Kanunun Üstünlüğü, Ahlak ve Modern Devlet

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 281 - 306, 28.03.2023

Alim Yılmaz Didem Geylani

Öz

Hukukun üstünlüğü kavramı temel bir ilke olarak, modern sosyal hayat ve devlet olgusunun merkezinde yer alan oldukça belirleyici bir olgudur. Siyasal karar, uygulama ve süreçlerde keyfiliği ortadan kaldıran, hukukun yönetilenler kadar yöneticileri de bağladığını ifade eden mezkur kavram, ahlaki bir ilke olarak Stoacılık ve buna bağlı olarak Roma hukuk felsefesi bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Bu makaledeki temel amaç, Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan ve oradan İslam dünyasını ve dünyanın geri kalan hemen her coğrafyasındaki devlet olgusunu şeklen belirleyen modern devlet olgusunu “hukukun üstünlüğü” ilkesi bağlamında tartışmaktır. Zira modern devletin temel felsefesi çağdaş hukuk (pozitif hukuk) kavramına dayanmaktadır. Hukukun üstünlüğü fikrinin felsefi ve tarihsel gelişimi metodolojik olarak Batı hukuk düşüncesinde stoacılık, Rechtsstaat, Etat de droit, Stato di diritto, rule of law gibi temel kavramlar bağlamında karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Bu amaca matuf olmak üzere ilgili literatürde yer alan yaklaşımlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede Alman hukuk anlayışını ifade eden Rechtsstaat, Fransız hukuk görüşünü yansıtan Etat de droit ve İtalyan hukuk felsefesini yansıtan Stato di diritto kavramları, İngiliz hukuk felsefesinin ifadesi olan rule of law kavramıyla bağlantılı olarak tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hukukun üstünlüğü, modern devlet, stoacılık, etik.

The Relationship Among the Rule of Law, Morality, and the Modern State

Öz

At the heart of modern society and states is the concept of the rule of law as a fundamental principle. In the context of Stoicism, it is considered as a moral principle and Roman legal philosophy for removing arbitrariness from political judgments, practices, and processes. Accordingly, this article’s main goal is to examine the phenomenon of modern states, which began in Europe but has since spread to many other regions of the world, in terms of the rule of law as this notion is the basis for all modern states (i.e., positive law). A comparative study is conducted in this regard in order to compare and contrast Western legal precedents such as Stoicism, Rechtsstaat [rule of law], also known as État de droit in French and Stato di diritto in Italian, with respect to its philosophical and historical development over time. The relevant literature was analyzed in order to determine the best method. In this framework, the study explores the notions of Rechtsstaat as the German, État de droit as the French, and Stato di diritto as the Italian philosophy of law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rule of law, modern state, stoicism, ethics.

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