Araştırma Makalesi
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COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Kamu Hastanelerinin ve Özel Hastanelerin Instagram’da Dijital Sağlık İletişimi Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 1 - 22, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1022653

Öz

Dijital iletişim olanaklarının ve sosyal medyanın gelişimiyle birlikte, sağlık iletişimi uygulamaları da bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir ve farklı paydaşlar arasında etkileşimli bilgi akışının önemi artmıştır. Bu süreçte, merkez sağlık kuruluşları olarak hastaneler de sosyal medya platformlarını potansiyel hastalara erişim, bilgilendirme, hizmet tanıtımı ve kurumsal duyurumların paylaşımı gibi farklı amaçlarla kullanmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca, Covid-19 salgını gibi belirsizliğin yükseldiği ve halkın bilgi arayışının arttığı dönemlerde, güvenilir bilgi kaynakları olarak hastanelerin hedef kitleleri ile çift yönlü bir iletişim kurabilmesi için sosyal medya platformlarını etkin kullanımı bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada Türkiye’de ilk Sars Cov-2 vakasının açıklandığı 11 Mart 2020 tarihi ile İç İşleri Bakanlığı’nın yeni normalleşme genelgesini yayınladığı 1 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasında, İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi (Çapa), Yeditepe Üniversite Hastaneleri ve Medipol Sağlık Grubu’nun Instagram paylaşımları nitel ve nicel içerik analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada, Instagram’da incelenen sağlık kuruluşlarının tamamının değişen düzeylerde, sağlık iletişimi faaliyetlerini Covid-19 salgını çerçevesinde şekillendirdiği; ancak topluma sürdürülebilir bir sağlık anlayışı kazandırılması için farklı konuları da kapsayan sağlık mesajlarının özel hastaneler tarafından verildiği saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ackland, R. (2013). Web Social Science: Concepts, Data and Tools for Social Scientists in the Digital Age. London, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Al Aufa,B. Sulistiadi, W., Djawas, F.A. ( 2020). Measuring Instagram Activity and Engagement Rate of Hospital: A Comparison Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020 3rd International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI),(s. 562-566). Indonesia.
  • Alsughayr, A. R. (2015). Social Media in Healthcare: Uses, Risks, and Barriers. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3(2), s.105–111.
  • Baxter, L. A. & Babbie, E. R. (2004). The Basics of Communication Research. USA: Thompson and Wadsworth.
  • Beier, M. & Früh S. (2021). Attitudes, Preferences and Usage Behavior of the Population Regarding Social Media Pages of Hospitals - Results of a Quantitative Survey in the DACH Region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/233853/1/ReRep_FINAL.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 01 Ekim 2021)
  • Bulunmaz, B. (2019). A Research on Using Social Media in Health Communication Practices in the United States: Twitter, Health Institutions and Interaction, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 10 (19), 247-269.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. vd. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cutrona, S. L. vd. (2013). Health Information-Seeking on behalf of Others: Characteristics of “Surrogate Seekers.” Journal of Cancer Education, 30, 12–19.
  • Deutsche Welle, (2020). Türkiye'de İlk Koronavirüs Vakası. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiyede-ilk-koronavir%C3%BCs-vakas%C4%B1/a-52715690. (Erişim tarihi: 29 Ekim 2021).
  • Ersan, M. & Avşar, Z. (2020). Sağlık Bakanlığının Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgınına İlişkin Hazırladığı Kamu Spotları Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir Analiz”. Ulakbilge, 54, 1336–1345.
  • Eurostat (2020). One in two EU Citizens Look For Health Information Online. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210406-1. Erişim tarihi: 29 Ekim 2021)
  • Finset, A. vd. (2020). Effective Health Communication - a Key Factor inFighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Patient Educ Couns, 103 (5), 873–876.
  • Griffis, H. M. vd. (2014). Use of Social Media Across US Hospitals: Descriptive Analysis of Adoption and Utilization. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), 16(11), 1-11.
  • Güngör, F. S. (2019). Türkiye’de Hastanelerin Instagram Kullanımı: Medical Park, Acıbadem ve Memorial Sağlık Grupları örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6 (2), 1309-1324.
  • Hether, H. J., Murphy, S. T. & Valente, T. W. (2014). It's Better to Give than to Receive: The Role of Social Support, Trust, and Participation on Health-Related Social Networking Sites. Journal of Health Communication, 19 (12), 1424–1439.
  • Ho, Y.-X. vd. (2014). Features of Online Health Communities for adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36(9), 1183–1198.
  • Hoşgör, D. G. (2014). İletişim ve Sağlık İletişimi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Beykent Üniversitesi, https://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 371285, (Erişim tarihi: 10 Kasım 2021).
  • İlgün, G. & Uğurluoğlu, Ö. (2019). How Turkish Private Hospitals Use Social Media: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Social Service Research, 45:1, 34-43.
  • Jensen, K. B. (2011). Medya ve İzleyici Bitmeyen Tartışma. Ş. Yavuz içinde, New Media, Old Methods, Internet Methodologies and the Online/Offline Divide (s.55-83). Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Jesus, M.D. (2013). The Impact of Mass Media Health Communication on Health Decision Making and Medical Advice-Seeking Behavior of U.S. Hispanic Population, Health Communication, 28 (5), 525-529.
  • Kara,T. (2017). Instagram’ın Sağlık İletişimi Bağlamında Kullanımı: Özel Hastaneler Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(14), 7-21.
  • Kim, Y. & Kim, J.H. (2020). Using Photos For Public Health Communication: a Computational Analysis of The Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Instagram Photos and Public Responses. Health Informatics Journal, (26), 2159-2180.
  • Kline, K. N. (2003). Handbook of Health Communication. T. L. Thompson vd. içinde, Popular Media and Health: Images, Effects, and Institutions (s. 557–581). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Koçak, A. & Bulduklu, Y. (2010). Sağlık İletişimi: Yaşlıların Televizyonda Yayınlanan Sağlık Programlarını İzleme Motivasyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 6(3), 5-17.
  • Liu, B. F. & Kim. S. (2011). How Organizations Framed the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic via Social and Traditional Media: Implications for U.S. Health Communicators. Public Relations Review, 37: 233–244.
  • Love, B. vd. (2013). Twitter as a Source of Vaccination Information: Content Drivers and What They are Saying. American Journal of Infection Control, 41 (6), 568–570.
  • MacDonald T. H. (1998). Rethinking Health Promotion A Global Approach. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Malik A, vd. (2021). Public Health Agencies Outreach Through Instagram during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 61.
  • Martinez-Millana, A. vd. (2017). Evaluating The Social Media Performance of Hospitals in Spain: A Longitudinal and Comparative Study. J Med Internet Research, 19 (5), 1-11.
  • Massey, P. M. (2016). Where do U.S. Adults who do not use the Internet get Health Information? Examining Digital Health Information Disparities from 2008 to 2013. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 118–124.
  • McCaughey, D. vd. (2014). Best Practices in Social Media: Utilizing a Value Matrix to Assess Social Media’s Impact on Health Care. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 575–589.
  • McNely, B. J. (2012). Shaping Organizational Image-Power Through Images: Case histories of Instagram. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (s. 1-8)
  • Mutua, N.S. & Oloo Ong’ong’a, D. (2020). Online News Media Framing of COVID-19 Pandemic: Probing the Initial Phases of the Disease Outbreak in International Media. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 1(2), 1-8.
  • Parrott, R. (2004). Emphasizing Communication in Health Communication, Journal of Communication, 54 (4), 751-787.
  • Ratzan, S. C. (2001). Health Literacy: Communication for the Public Good, Health Promotion International, 15 (3), 207-214.
  • Sarasohn- Kahn, J. (2008). The Wisdom of Patients: Health Care Meets Online Social Media. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101472833-pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 12 Ekim 2021).
  • Sharma, S., Kilian, R. & Leung, F. (2014). Health 2.0–lessons Learned: Social Networking with Patients For Health Promotion. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 5(3), 208–210.
  • Shih, T. J. ,Wijaya, R. & Brossard, D. (2008). Media Coverage of Public Health Epidemics: Linking Framing and Issue Attention Cycle toward an Integrated Theory of Print News Coverage of Epidemics. Mass Communication and Society, 11(2): 141–160.
  • Tengilimoğlu, E. vd. (2015). Hastane ve Hekim Seçiminde Sosyal Medyanın Kullanım Düzeyi: Ankara İli Örneği. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 76-96.
  • Thielst, C. B. (2011). Using Social Media to Engage Patients: Many Tools Exist to Connect, Communicate and Build Loyalty. Healthcare Executive, 26(3): 66- 70.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, (2020). Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu): Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66301/covid-19-rehberi.html. (Erişim tarihi: 19 Ekim 2021).
  • Ünal, A. (2020). Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Pazarlanmasında Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Türkiye’deki Şehir Hastanelerinin Kovid-19 Öncesi ve Sürecindeki Durumları. International Conference on COVID-19 Studies, 71-91.
  • Van de Belt, T. H. vd. (2012). Use of Social Media by Western European Hospitals: Longitudinal Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14 (3): :e61
  • Vanzetta, M, vd. (2014).Communication with the Public in the Health-Care System: a Descriptive Study of the Use of Social Media in Local Health Authorities and Public Hospitals in Italy. Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 50(2): 163-170.
  • We are Social, (2020). Global Digital Overview. https://wearesocial-net.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/common/reports/digital-2020/digital-2020-global.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Ekim 2021).
  • Ventola, C. L. (2014). Social Media And Health Care Professionals: Benefits, Risks, and Best Practices. P&T, 39(7), 491–520.
  • Vraga, E. K. & Jacobsen, K. H. (2020). Strategies for Effective Health Communication during the Coronavirus Pandemic and Future Emerging Infectious Disease Events. Special Issue: Symposium on Coronavirus 2019: Social Determinants, Disparities, and Impacts, 12(3), 233-241.
  • WHO (2019). Guideline Recommendations on Digital Interventions for Health System Strengthening. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311941/9789241550505-eng.pdf?ua=1. (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2021).
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldırım, H.H. & Gonca, M. (2018). Türkiye'de Özel Sağlık Kurumları Sektörü Mevcut Durum, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri, TÜSPE. https://www.tuseb.gov.tr. (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2021).
  • Zülfikar, H. (2014). Hastaların İnternet Kullanımı ve Elektronik Ortamdaki Sağlık Bilgilerine Erişim Davranışları. F.N. Hemşirelik Dergisi, 22 (1): 46-52.

A Content Analysis on Digital Health Communication Studies On Instagram of Public Hospitals and Private Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 1 - 22, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1022653

Öz

In this study, during the Covid-19 epidemic; It is aimed to comparatively analyze the health communication activities of the examined public and state hospitals on Instagram and the hospitals’ posts interaction level. The official Instagram accounts of Medipol Health Group as a private hospital which is owned by private institution, Yeditepe University hospital as a foundation based private hospital, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa and Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine (Çapa) hospitals as university hospitals that are subgroup of public hospitals according to ownership based hospital classification are included in the sample. The period of the research was limited to the date of 11 March 2020, when the first Covid-19 case was announced in Turkey, and 1 June 2020, when the Ministry of Internal Affairs published the new normalization circular. The reasons for these limitations in the analysis are the intense use of Instagram in Turkey, its suitability for giving health messages due to its audio-visual features, its power to create interaction, and the high perception of risk and uncertainty in the first period of the pandemic and the increase in the public's orientation towards health communication. In this context, the Instagram posts of the relevant hospitals were analyzed according to health communication topics, the sub-topics related to the epidemic, the tone, the source, the formal structure of the message, the message connotations categories with qualitative and quantitative content analysis technique. These categories were formed on the basis of the variables in Bulunmaz (2019), Shih, Wijaya, Brossard (2008), Liu & Kim (2011), Mutua & Oloo Ong’ong (2020), Aufa, Sulistiadi& Djawas (2020), and Ersan ve Avşar (2020)’s studies about Covid-19 and health communication. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that all of the health institutions shared posts about the Covid-19 epidemic at varying levels on Instagram, but the contents differ in terms of message connotations, source, subject, topics related to the epidemic, source and level of interaction. In addition, an important finding that is reached in the study is the determination that public hospitals use the medium both quantitatively and qualitatively in one dimension, although private hospitals produce contents for different health communication areas together with the content related to the epidemic. When the data about health communication activities related to epidemic, it is seen that all the relevant health institutions share content to prevent the transmission of the disease, the health system and the staff the competence themed contents are at a higher level on the Instagram pages of public hospitals and the virus symptoms and vital risk factors themed contents are at a higher level on the Instagram pages of private hospitals. As a result of the analysis, it is determined that the institution with the highest level of like, view and comment interaction is Medipol Health Group; and the lowest institution is Yeditepe University Hospital on Instagram. In addition, it has been determined that the Instagram posts of Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine and Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine create a high level of interaction, although the number of posts is low.

Kaynakça

  • Ackland, R. (2013). Web Social Science: Concepts, Data and Tools for Social Scientists in the Digital Age. London, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Al Aufa,B. Sulistiadi, W., Djawas, F.A. ( 2020). Measuring Instagram Activity and Engagement Rate of Hospital: A Comparison Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020 3rd International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI),(s. 562-566). Indonesia.
  • Alsughayr, A. R. (2015). Social Media in Healthcare: Uses, Risks, and Barriers. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3(2), s.105–111.
  • Baxter, L. A. & Babbie, E. R. (2004). The Basics of Communication Research. USA: Thompson and Wadsworth.
  • Beier, M. & Früh S. (2021). Attitudes, Preferences and Usage Behavior of the Population Regarding Social Media Pages of Hospitals - Results of a Quantitative Survey in the DACH Region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/233853/1/ReRep_FINAL.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 01 Ekim 2021)
  • Bulunmaz, B. (2019). A Research on Using Social Media in Health Communication Practices in the United States: Twitter, Health Institutions and Interaction, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 10 (19), 247-269.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. vd. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cutrona, S. L. vd. (2013). Health Information-Seeking on behalf of Others: Characteristics of “Surrogate Seekers.” Journal of Cancer Education, 30, 12–19.
  • Deutsche Welle, (2020). Türkiye'de İlk Koronavirüs Vakası. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiyede-ilk-koronavir%C3%BCs-vakas%C4%B1/a-52715690. (Erişim tarihi: 29 Ekim 2021).
  • Ersan, M. & Avşar, Z. (2020). Sağlık Bakanlığının Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgınına İlişkin Hazırladığı Kamu Spotları Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir Analiz”. Ulakbilge, 54, 1336–1345.
  • Eurostat (2020). One in two EU Citizens Look For Health Information Online. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210406-1. Erişim tarihi: 29 Ekim 2021)
  • Finset, A. vd. (2020). Effective Health Communication - a Key Factor inFighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Patient Educ Couns, 103 (5), 873–876.
  • Griffis, H. M. vd. (2014). Use of Social Media Across US Hospitals: Descriptive Analysis of Adoption and Utilization. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), 16(11), 1-11.
  • Güngör, F. S. (2019). Türkiye’de Hastanelerin Instagram Kullanımı: Medical Park, Acıbadem ve Memorial Sağlık Grupları örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6 (2), 1309-1324.
  • Hether, H. J., Murphy, S. T. & Valente, T. W. (2014). It's Better to Give than to Receive: The Role of Social Support, Trust, and Participation on Health-Related Social Networking Sites. Journal of Health Communication, 19 (12), 1424–1439.
  • Ho, Y.-X. vd. (2014). Features of Online Health Communities for adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36(9), 1183–1198.
  • Hoşgör, D. G. (2014). İletişim ve Sağlık İletişimi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Beykent Üniversitesi, https://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 371285, (Erişim tarihi: 10 Kasım 2021).
  • İlgün, G. & Uğurluoğlu, Ö. (2019). How Turkish Private Hospitals Use Social Media: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Social Service Research, 45:1, 34-43.
  • Jensen, K. B. (2011). Medya ve İzleyici Bitmeyen Tartışma. Ş. Yavuz içinde, New Media, Old Methods, Internet Methodologies and the Online/Offline Divide (s.55-83). Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Jesus, M.D. (2013). The Impact of Mass Media Health Communication on Health Decision Making and Medical Advice-Seeking Behavior of U.S. Hispanic Population, Health Communication, 28 (5), 525-529.
  • Kara,T. (2017). Instagram’ın Sağlık İletişimi Bağlamında Kullanımı: Özel Hastaneler Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(14), 7-21.
  • Kim, Y. & Kim, J.H. (2020). Using Photos For Public Health Communication: a Computational Analysis of The Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Instagram Photos and Public Responses. Health Informatics Journal, (26), 2159-2180.
  • Kline, K. N. (2003). Handbook of Health Communication. T. L. Thompson vd. içinde, Popular Media and Health: Images, Effects, and Institutions (s. 557–581). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Koçak, A. & Bulduklu, Y. (2010). Sağlık İletişimi: Yaşlıların Televizyonda Yayınlanan Sağlık Programlarını İzleme Motivasyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 6(3), 5-17.
  • Liu, B. F. & Kim. S. (2011). How Organizations Framed the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic via Social and Traditional Media: Implications for U.S. Health Communicators. Public Relations Review, 37: 233–244.
  • Love, B. vd. (2013). Twitter as a Source of Vaccination Information: Content Drivers and What They are Saying. American Journal of Infection Control, 41 (6), 568–570.
  • MacDonald T. H. (1998). Rethinking Health Promotion A Global Approach. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Malik A, vd. (2021). Public Health Agencies Outreach Through Instagram during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 61.
  • Martinez-Millana, A. vd. (2017). Evaluating The Social Media Performance of Hospitals in Spain: A Longitudinal and Comparative Study. J Med Internet Research, 19 (5), 1-11.
  • Massey, P. M. (2016). Where do U.S. Adults who do not use the Internet get Health Information? Examining Digital Health Information Disparities from 2008 to 2013. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 118–124.
  • McCaughey, D. vd. (2014). Best Practices in Social Media: Utilizing a Value Matrix to Assess Social Media’s Impact on Health Care. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 575–589.
  • McNely, B. J. (2012). Shaping Organizational Image-Power Through Images: Case histories of Instagram. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (s. 1-8)
  • Mutua, N.S. & Oloo Ong’ong’a, D. (2020). Online News Media Framing of COVID-19 Pandemic: Probing the Initial Phases of the Disease Outbreak in International Media. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 1(2), 1-8.
  • Parrott, R. (2004). Emphasizing Communication in Health Communication, Journal of Communication, 54 (4), 751-787.
  • Ratzan, S. C. (2001). Health Literacy: Communication for the Public Good, Health Promotion International, 15 (3), 207-214.
  • Sarasohn- Kahn, J. (2008). The Wisdom of Patients: Health Care Meets Online Social Media. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101472833-pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 12 Ekim 2021).
  • Sharma, S., Kilian, R. & Leung, F. (2014). Health 2.0–lessons Learned: Social Networking with Patients For Health Promotion. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 5(3), 208–210.
  • Shih, T. J. ,Wijaya, R. & Brossard, D. (2008). Media Coverage of Public Health Epidemics: Linking Framing and Issue Attention Cycle toward an Integrated Theory of Print News Coverage of Epidemics. Mass Communication and Society, 11(2): 141–160.
  • Tengilimoğlu, E. vd. (2015). Hastane ve Hekim Seçiminde Sosyal Medyanın Kullanım Düzeyi: Ankara İli Örneği. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 76-96.
  • Thielst, C. B. (2011). Using Social Media to Engage Patients: Many Tools Exist to Connect, Communicate and Build Loyalty. Healthcare Executive, 26(3): 66- 70.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, (2020). Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu): Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66301/covid-19-rehberi.html. (Erişim tarihi: 19 Ekim 2021).
  • Ünal, A. (2020). Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Pazarlanmasında Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Türkiye’deki Şehir Hastanelerinin Kovid-19 Öncesi ve Sürecindeki Durumları. International Conference on COVID-19 Studies, 71-91.
  • Van de Belt, T. H. vd. (2012). Use of Social Media by Western European Hospitals: Longitudinal Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14 (3): :e61
  • Vanzetta, M, vd. (2014).Communication with the Public in the Health-Care System: a Descriptive Study of the Use of Social Media in Local Health Authorities and Public Hospitals in Italy. Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 50(2): 163-170.
  • We are Social, (2020). Global Digital Overview. https://wearesocial-net.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/common/reports/digital-2020/digital-2020-global.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Ekim 2021).
  • Ventola, C. L. (2014). Social Media And Health Care Professionals: Benefits, Risks, and Best Practices. P&T, 39(7), 491–520.
  • Vraga, E. K. & Jacobsen, K. H. (2020). Strategies for Effective Health Communication during the Coronavirus Pandemic and Future Emerging Infectious Disease Events. Special Issue: Symposium on Coronavirus 2019: Social Determinants, Disparities, and Impacts, 12(3), 233-241.
  • WHO (2019). Guideline Recommendations on Digital Interventions for Health System Strengthening. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311941/9789241550505-eng.pdf?ua=1. (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2021).
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldırım, H.H. & Gonca, M. (2018). Türkiye'de Özel Sağlık Kurumları Sektörü Mevcut Durum, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri, TÜSPE. https://www.tuseb.gov.tr. (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2021).
  • Zülfikar, H. (2014). Hastaların İnternet Kullanımı ve Elektronik Ortamdaki Sağlık Bilgilerine Erişim Davranışları. F.N. Hemşirelik Dergisi, 22 (1): 46-52.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zeynep Dondurucu 0000-0002-2634-1001

Ayşe Beynem Uran 0000-0002-6460-7835

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Dondurucu, Z., & Uran, A. B. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Kamu Hastanelerinin ve Özel Hastanelerin Instagram’da Dijital Sağlık İletişimi Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi. Intermedia International E-Journal, 9(16), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1022653

Creative Commons Lisansı Intermedia International E-journal

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.