eSpor ve Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı: Fiziksel, Fizyolojik ve Yaşam Tarzı Faktörlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışması

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, e-sporcular ile dijital oyun bağımlıları arasındaki fiziksel ve fizyolojik farklılıkları sistematik olarak incelemek ve günlük yaşam tarzı alışkanlıklarının bu farklılıklar üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 27 e-sporcu ve 29 dijital oyun bağımlısı katılmıştır. İncelenen temel değişkenler arasında vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ), vücut yağ oranı, günlük ekran süresi, günlük fiziksel antrenman süresi, günlük uyku süresi, günlük kalori alımı, dinlenme kalp atış hızı, günlük kafein alımı ve günlük enerji içeceği tüketimi yer almıştır. Sonuçlar: Bulgular, eSpor sporcularının dijital oyun bağımlılarına kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha düşük BMI (24,28 vs. 26,54, p<0,001) ve vücut yağ yüzdesine (16,92% vs. 18,79%, p=0,050) sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. eSporcular ayrıca, günlük ekran süresinin önemli ölçüde daha kısa (470,74 dakika vs. 769,65 dakika, p<0,001) ve günlük fiziksel antrenman süresinin daha uzun (43,11 dakika vs. 18,65 dakika, p<0,001) olduğunu bildirdi. Bu farklılıklara rağmen, iki grup arasında günlük uyku süresi (394,29 dakika vs. 391,03 dakika, p=0,733), günlük kalori alımı (2577,77 kcal vs. 2593,10 kcal, p=0,673), dinlenme kalp atış hızı (69,51 bpm vs. 69,79 bpm, p=0,749), günlük kafein alımı (202,96 mg vs. 208,62 mg, p=0,471) veya günlük enerji içeceği tüketimi (412,96 ml vs. 441,37 ml, p=0,293) açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Sonuçlar: Bu sonuçlar, yaşam tarzı farklılıklarının sağlık sonuçları üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamakta ve e-sporcuların genellikle dijital oyun bağımlılarına göre daha sağlıklı davranışlar sergilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, e-sporcular arasında daha yüksek fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin ve daha az ekran süresinin, daha iyi vücut kompozisyonuna ve potansiyel olarak daha iyi sağlık sonuçlarına katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yaşam tarzı farklılıklarının uzun vadeli etkilerini araştırmak ve dijital oyun bağımlıları için daha sağlıklı bir yaşamı teşvik edecek hedefli müdahaleler geliştirmek için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• espor
• dijital oyun bağımlılığı
• fiziksel
• fizyolojik
• yaşam tarzı

eSports and Digital Game Addiction: A Comparative Study of Physical, Physiological, and Lifestyle Factors

Öz

Background: This study aims to systematically examine the physical and physiological differences between eSports athletes and digital game addicts and to assess the impact of daily lifestyle habits on these differences. Methods: The study involved 27 eSports athletes and 29 digital game addicts. Key variables examined included body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, daily screen time, daily physical training duration, daily sleep duration, daily caloric intake, resting heart rate, daily caffeine intake, and daily energy drink consumption. Results: The findings revealed that eSports athletes had significantly lower BMI (24.28 vs. 26.54, p<0.001) and body fat percentage (16.92% vs. 18.79%, p=0.050) compared to digital game addicts. eSports athletes also reported significantly shorter daily screen time (470.74 minutes vs. 769.65 minutes, p<0.001) and longer daily physical training duration (43.11 minutes vs. 18.65 minutes, p<0.001). Despite these differences, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of daily sleep duration (394.29 minutes vs. 391.03 minutes, p=0.733), daily caloric intake (2577.77 kcal vs. 2593.10 kcal, p=0.673), resting heart rate (69.51 bpm vs. 69.79 bpm, p=0.749), daily caffeine intake (202.96 mg vs. 208.62 mg, p=0.471), or daily energy drink consumption (412.96 ml vs. 441.37 ml, p=0.293). Conclusions: These results underscore the impact of lifestyle differences on health outcomes, highlighting that eSports athletes generally engage in healthier behaviors than digital game addicts. The study suggests that higher levels of physical activity and reduced screen time among eSports athletes contribute to better body composition and potentially improved health outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these lifestyle differences and to develop targeted interventions for digital game addicts to promote healthier living.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• esports
• digital game addiction
• physical
• physiological
• lifestyle

Etik Beyan

The present research was approved by the Ethical Committee of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat ethics (protocol no: 2024/06). It was also conducted under the principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written permission was obtained from parents and athletes prior to the start of this research.

Kaynakça

1. Awasthi, P. (2017). Role of Internet Addiction in Mental Health Problems of College Students. Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, 2(4), 555591. https://doi.org/10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.02.555591
2. Aziz, N., Nordin, M. J., Abdulkadir, S. J., & Salih, M. M. M. (2021). Digital Addiction: Systematic Review of Computer Game Addiction Impact on Adolescent Physical Health. Electronics, 10(9), 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10090996
3. Bayrakdar, A., Larion, A., Bayraktar, I., & Avci, P. (2022). The effects of esports on sleep: a systematic literature review. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health, 22(2), 95–104.
4. Bayrakdar, A., Yıldız, Y., & Bayraktar, I. (2020). Do e-athletes move? A study on physical activity level and body composition in elite e-sports. Physical Education of Students, 24(5), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0501
5. Biddle, S. J. H., Bengoechea García, E., Pedisic, Z., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., & Wiesner, G. (2017). Screen Time, Other Sedentary Behaviours, and Obesity Risk in Adults: A Review of Reviews. Current Obesity Reports, 6(2), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0256-9
6. Boone, J. E., Gordon-Larsen, P., Adair, L. S., & Popkin, B. M. (2007). Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-26
7. Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012). Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases. In Comprehensive Physiology (pp. 1143–1211). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110025
8. Brambilla, P., Pozzobon, G., & Pietrobelli, A. (2011). Physical activity as the main therapeutic tool for metabolic syndrome in childhood. International Journal of Obesity, 35(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.255

9. Burton, R. F. (2007). Why is the body mass index calculated as mass/height 2 , not as mass/height 3 ? Annals of Human Biology, 34(6), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460701732962
10. Chaput, J. ‐P., Klingenberg, L., Astrup, A., & Sjödin, A. M. (2011). Modern sedentary activities promote overconsumption of food in our current obesogenic environment. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e12–e20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00772.x
11. Coe, D. P., Pivarnik, J. M., Womack, C. J., Reeves, M. J., & Malina, R. M. (2006). Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(8), 1515–1519. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000227537.13175.1b
12. Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press. Coon, K. A., Goldberg, J., Rogers, B. L., & Tucker, K. L. (2001). Relationships Between Use of Television During Meals and Children’s Food Consumption Patterns. Pediatrics, 107(1), e7–e7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.1.e7
13. DeSalvo, K. B., Olson, R., & Casavale, K. O. (2016). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Jama, 315(5), 457–458. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.18396
14. DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Balentine, J., Schmidt, G., & Zwibel, H. (2019). Managing the health of the eSport athlete: an integrated health management model. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000467. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000467
15. DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Werner, W. G., Douris, P. C., & Zwibel, H. (2022). Esports players, got muscle? Competitive video game players’ physical activity, body fat, bone mineral content, and muscle mass in comparison to matched controls. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(6), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.006
16. Dunstan, D. W., Salmon, J., Owen, N., Armstrong, T., Zimmet, P. Z., Welborn, T. A., Cameron, A. J., Dwyer, T., Jolley, D., & Shaw, J. E. (2005). Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults. Diabetologia, 48(11), 2254–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1963-4
17. Fogelholm, M. (2010). Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 11(3), 202–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00653.x
18. Formosa, J., O’Donnell, N., Horton, E. M., Türkay, S., Mandryk, R. L., Hawks, M., & Johnson, D. (2022). Definitions of Esports: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CHI PLAY), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3549490
19. Fu, M., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Lv, Z., & Tang, P. (2024). Association between screen time and self-reported balance disorders in middle-aged and older adults: national health and nutrition examination survey. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02778-8
20. Grundy, S. M. (2004). Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(6), 2595–2600. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0372
21. Guo, N., Tsun Luk, T., Wu, Y., Lai, A. Y.-K., Li, Y., Cheung, D. Y. T., Wong, J. Y.-H., Fong, D. Y. T., & Wang, M. P. (2022). Between- and within-person associations of mobile gaming time and total screen time with sleep problems in young adults: Daily assessment study. Addictive Behaviors, 134, 107408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107408
22. Hamari, J., & Keronen, L. (2017). Why do people play games? A meta-analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 37(3), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.01.006
23. Hancox, R. J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Watching television is associated with childhood obesity: but is it clinically important? International Journal of Obesity, 30(1), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803071
24. Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2004). Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Lancet, 364(9430), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16675-0
25. Hardy, L. L., Denney-Wilson, E., Thrift, A. P., Okely, A. D., & Baur, L. A. (2010). Screen Time and Metabolic Risk Factors Among Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(643–649). https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.88
26. Hardy, L. L., Dobbins, T. A., Denney-Wilson, E. A., Okely, A. D., & Booth, M. L. (2009). Sedentariness, Small-Screen Recreation, and Fitness in Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(2), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.034
27. Hardy, L. L., Dobbins, T. A., Denney‐Wilson, E. A., Okely, A. D., & Booth, M. L. (2006). Descriptive epidemiology of small screen recreation among Australian adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(11), 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00956.x
28. Heart Foundation. (2020). Resting heart rate and cardiovascular health. https://www.heartfoundation.org.au
29. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., O’Donnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
30. Hu, F. B., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2001). Physical Activity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(12), 1542–1548. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.12.1542
31. Kari, T., & Karhulahti, V.-M. (2016). Do E-Athletes Move? International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 8(4), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2016100104
32. Kari, T., Siutila, M., & Karhulahti, V.-M. (2019). An Extended Study on Training and Physical Exercise in Esports. In Exploring the cognitive, social, cultural, and psychological aspects of gaming and simulations (pp. 270–292). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7461-3.ch010
33. Knutson, K. L. (2010). Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(5), 731–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.07.001
34. Kolo, C., & Baur, T. (2004). Living a Virtual Life: Social Dynamics of Online Gaming. Game Studies, 4(1), 1–31.
35. Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D. (2008). Assessment methods in human body composition. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 11(5), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23
36. Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental Research, 164, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015
37. Lui, D. P. Y., Szeto, G. P. Y., & Jones, A. Y. M. (2011). The pattern of electronic game use and related bodily discomfort in Hong Kong primary school children. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1665–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.008
38. Maden, C., & Bayramlar, K. (2022). Effects of sedentary lifestyle and physical activity in gaming disorder. International Journal of Academic Medicne and Pharmacy, 4(2), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.47009/jamp.2022.4.2.15
39. Männikkö, N., Billieux, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2015). Problematic digital gaming behavior and its relation to the psychological, social and physical health of Finnish adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.040
40. Marshall, S. J., Gorely, T., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2006). A descriptive epidemiology of screen‐based media use in youth: A review and critique. Journal of Adolescence, 29(3), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.016
41. Miles, L. (2007). Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 314–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00668.x
42. Nakshine, V. S., Thute, P., Khatib, M. N., & Sarkar, B. (2022). Increased Screen Time as a Cause of Declining Physical, Psychological Health, and Sleep Patterns: A Literary Review. Cureus, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30051
43. Nawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A., & Feeley, M. (2003). Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203021000007840
44. Olfert, M., Barr, M., Charlier, C., Famodu, O., Zhou, W., Mathews, A., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., & Colby, S. (2018). Self-Reported vs. Measured Height, Weight, and BMI in Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102216
45. Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too Much Sitting. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 38(3), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2
46. Peng, W., & Liu, M. (2010). Online Gaming Dependency: A Preliminary Study in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0082
47. Prince, S. A., Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M., Hardt, J., Connor Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
48. Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A Large-Scale Test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438
49. Ranasinghe, C., Gamage, P., Katulanda, P., Andraweera, N., Thilakarathne, S., & Tharanga, P. (2013). Relationship between Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage, estimated by bioelectrical impedance, in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 797. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-797
50. Ribeiro, F. J., Teixeira, R., & Poínhos, R. (2023). Dietary Habits and Gaming Behaviors of Portuguese and Brazilian Esports Players. Nutrients, 15(19), 4200. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194200
51. Santos, V., Freire, R., Zugliani, M., Cirillo, P., Santos, H. H. K., Nardi, A. E., & King, A. L. S. (2017). Treatment outcomes in patients with Internet Addiction and anxiety. Medical Express, 4(2), M170206. https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2017.02.06
52. Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3592
53. Shirinkam, M. S., Shahsavarani, A. M., Toroghi, L. M., Mahmoodabadi, M., Mohammadi, A., & Sattari, K. (2016). Internet addiction antecendants: Self-control as a predictor. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 5(5), 143–151.
54. Soffner, M., Bickmann, P., Tholl, C., & Froböse, I. (2023). Dietary behavior of video game players and esports players in Germany: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 42(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00373-7
55. Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A. C., Must, A., Nixon, P. A., Pivarnik, J. M., Rowland, T., Trost, S., & Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055
56. Temple, J. L. (2009). Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(6), 793–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001
57. Trotter, M. G., Coulter, T. J., Davis, P. A., Poulus, D. R., & Polman, R. (2020). The Association between Esports Participation, Health and Physical Activity Behaviour. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197329
58. Warburton, D. E. R. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351
59. World Health Organization. (2019). International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). Geneva: World Health Organization. https://icd.who.int/en
60. Xu, F., Adams, S. K., Cohen, S. A., Earp, J. E., & Greaney, M. L. (2019). Relationship between Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Quantity and Quality in US Adolescents Aged 16–19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091524
61. Yeap, J. A. L. (2015). The assessment of Internet addiction among university students: some findings from a focus group. Tehnicki Vjesnik - Technical Gazette, 22(1), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20131009152752