An Analysis of Youth Leadership Traits Among Students at Faculty of Sports Sciences

Öz

Youth is defined as a period between childhood and adulthood for personal and mental development and preparation for future life. Individuals who succeed in integrating their leadership skills during their childhood into their educational experiences during their youth improve their power in an area of specialization and activate their youth leadership skills. Thus, they become skilled individuals who can take responsibility easily against various events in their lives and manage and direct their respective organization. The present study aims to analyze youth leadership skills among students at Faculty of Sports Sciences based on various variables and to improve these students’ leadership abilities through making a number of suggestions derived from the analysis findings. Survey was used as a research method in the present study. The population of the study consisted of students studying at Faculty of Sports Sciences at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, and the sample of the study consisted of 394 students studying at the same faculty and university. “Youth Leadership Scale” developed by Turan and Cansoy (2016) was used for data collection. A statistically significant difference was found between the participants’ university departments and their determination/goal setting and trusting/reliability sub-dimension scores. In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed between the participants’ grade levels and their communication sub-dimension scores. Similarly, there was a stistically significant difference between the participants’ grade point average scores and their group skills and problem-solving sub-dimension scores. Finally, a statistically significant difference was found between students’ participation in leadership classes and all scale sub-dimension scores. As a result, it was found that the students who participated in a leadership class displayed more leadership traits compared to those who did not take such classes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Youth
• leadership
• youth leadership
• sports sciences

Kaynakça

1. Addison, L. (1985) ‘Leadership skills among the gifted and talented’. ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children.
2. Allen-Craig, S., Hartley, C. (2012) ‘Exploring the long-term effects for young women involved in an outdoor education program’, Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 4 (2): 88-91.
3. Amirianzadeh, M. (2012) ‘Hexagon theory-student leadership development’, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol.31: 333-339.
4. Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N. M., Dasborough, M. T. (2009) ‘Does leadership need emotional intelligence?’, The Leadership Quarterly, 20 (2): pp. 247-261.
5. Anyon, Y., Brink, K., Crawford, M., Fernández, M., Hofstedt, M., Osberg, J., Strobel, K. (2007). A Handbook for Program Staff, Teachers, and Community Leaders. (Retrieved August, 20, 2014).
6. Balliet, D., Li, N. P., Macfarlan, S. J., Van Vugt, M. (2011) ‘Sex differences in cooperation: a meta-analytic review of social dilemmas’, Psychological Bulletin, 137 (6): 881.
7. Bates, S., Anderson-Butcher, D., Ferrari, T., Clary, C. (2020) ‘A comparative examination of how program design components ınfluence youth leadership-skill development’, Journal of Youth Development, 15 (6): 91-115.
8. Bozyiğit, E., Çetin, E. (2019) ‘Examination of self-leadership levels of sports sciences students’, Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 17 (1): 78-87.

9. Brick, T. A. (1998). A national survey of FFA member's self-perceived leadership skills [Doctoral dissertation] Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No: 9915210)
10. Buss, D. (2011). Psychology: the evolution of a science. In Buss, D (Ed), Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind (pp. 9-10). USA: Pearson.
11. Buzinde, C., Foroughi, B., Godwyll, J. (2019) ‘Youth leadership programs for community development and social action: a pedagogical approach’, Community Development Journal, 54 (4): 677-694.
12. Cansoy, R., Turan, S. (2016) ‘The youth leadership qualities scale: reliability and validity study’ Türk Eğitim Dergisi, 1 (1): 19-39.
13. Carroll, B., Firth, J. (2020) ‘Leading or led? A critical exploration of youth leadership development’, Management Learning, 52 (1): 6-25.
14. Çelik, C., Sünbül, Ö. (2008) ‘Education and gender factor in perceptions of leadership: a field study in Mersin’, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (3): 49-66.
15. Chan, D. W. (2000) ‘Assessing leadership among Chinese secondary students in Hong Kong: the use of the roets rating scale for leadership’, Gifted Child Quarterly, 44 (2): 115-122.
16. Chemers, M. M. (2002). Efficacy and effectiveness: Integrating models of leadership and intelligence. In Kravis-de Roulet leadership Conference, 9th, Apr, 1999, Claremont McKenna Coll, Claremont, CA, US. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
17. Chung, J., Personette, L. K. (2019) ‘Youth and undergraduate leadership experiences as pathways to leadership education’, New Directions for Student Leadership, 2019 (164): 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20358
18. Connelly, M. S., Gilbert, J. A., Zaccaro, S. J., Threlfall, K. V., Marks, M. A., and Mumford, M. D. (2000) ‘Exploring the relationship of leadership skillsand knowledge to leader performance’, Leadership Quarterly, 11 (1): 65−86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00043-0
19. Conner, J. O., Strobel, K. (2007) ‘Leadership development: an examination of individual and programmatic growth’, Journal of Adolescent Research, 22 (3): 275-297.
20. Des Marais, J., Farzanehkia, F. (2000) ‘Service-learning leadership development for youths’, Phi Delta Kappan, 81 (9): 678-680. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/slcestgen/65
21. Drum, J. (1988). Youth Leadership. Insights into Issues in Education. Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA.
22. Dugan, J. P., Komives, S. R. (2007). Developing leadership capacity in college students. College Park, MD: National Clearinghouse for Leadership Programs.
23. Edelman, A., Gill, P., Comerford, K., Larson, M., Hare, R. (2004). Youth development and youth leadership: a background paper. Institute for Educational Leadership. National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability for Youth, Washington, DC.
24. Ent, M. R., Baumeister, R. F., Vonasch, A. J. (2012) ‘Power, leadership, and self‐regulation’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6 (8): 619-630.
25. Fertman, C. I., Long, J. A. (1990) ‘All students are leaders’, The School Counselor, 37 (5) : 391-396.
26. Fertman, C. I., Van Linden, J. A. (1999) ‘Character education for developing youth leadership’, The Education Digest, 65 (4): 11-16.
27. Freedman, D. G. (1974). Human Infancy. New York: Halsted Press.
28. Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly, 48(1), 18-33.
29. George, J. M. (2000) ‘Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence’, Human relations, 53 (8): 1027-1055.
30. Henderson, K. A., Whitaker, L. S., Bialeschki, M. D., Scanlin, M. M., Thurber, C. (2007) ’Summer camp experiences: parental perceptions of youth development outcomes’, Journal of Family Issues, 28 (8): 987-1007.
31. Huang, J., Aaltio, I. (2014) ‘Guanxi and social capital: Networking among women managers in China and Finland’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 39, pp. 22-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.002
32. Jolly, J., Kettler, T. (2004) ‘Authentic assessment of leadership in problem-solving groups’, Gifted Child Today, 27 (1): 32-39.
33. Kandler, C., Papendick, M. (2017). Behavior genetics and personality development: a methodological and meta-analytic review. In Personality development across the lifespan (pp. 473-495). Academic Press.
34. Karnes, F. A., Bean, S. M. (1996) ’Leadership and the gifted’, Focus on Exceptional Children, 29 (19): 1-12.
35. Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., Boyle, E. (2006) ‘Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24 (4): 265-279.
36. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2006). The leadership challenge (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
37. Liu, Z., Venkatesh, S., Murphy, S. E., Riggio, R. E. (2020) ‘Leader development across the lifespan: a dynamic experiences-grounded approach’, The Leadership Quarterly, 101382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101382
38. Mabey, C., Lees, T. F. (2007). Management and leadership development. Sage.
39. MacNeil, C. A. (2006) ‘Bridging generations: applying “adult” leadership theories to youth leadership development’, New Directions for Youth Development, 2006 (109): 27-43. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/yd.153
40. Marsh, J. A., Strunk, K. O., Bush-Mecenas, S. C., Huguet, A. (2015) ‘Democratic engagement in district reform: The evolving role of parents in the Los Angeles Public School Choice Initiative’, Educational Policy, 29 (1): 51-84.
41. McCauley, C. D., Velsor, E. V., Ruderman, M. (2010). The Center for Creative Leadership Handbook of Leadership Development, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
42. Meadows, F. M. (2012). No student leader left behind: Developing student leadership programs for marginalized students in secondary schools. University of Southern California.
43. Megheirkouni, M. (2018) ‘Self-leadership strategies and career success: insight on sports organizations’, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 8 (4,): 393-409.
44. Meyer Sr, E. D. (1995). Leadership academy: Effectiveness of leadership skills development in eighth-grade students. Drake University.
45. Moss, S. A., Dowling, N., Callanan, J. (2009) ‘Towards an integrated model of leadership and self regulation’, The Leadership Quarterly, 20 (2,): 162-176.
46. Mullen, C. A., Tuten, E. M. (2004) ‘A case study of adolescent female leadership: Exploring the "light" of change’, The Journal of Educational Thought, 38 (3): 291-320.
47. Mumford, M. D., Marks, M. A., Connelly, M. S., Zaccaro, S. J., Reiter-Palmon, R. (2000) ‘Development of leadership skills: Experience and Timing’, Leadership Quarterly, 11 (1): 87−114.
48. National Collaboration on Youth Development [NCYD]. (2011). The impact of youth development programs on student academic achievement. (Arrived date: 08.11.2020) https://www.nationalassembly.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/schoolsuccessbrief.pdf
49. Nichols, A. L. (2016) ‘What do people desire in their leaders? the effect of leadership experience on desired leadership traits’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37 (5): 658-671.
50. Northouse, P. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
51. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
52. Osmane, S., Brennan, M. (2018) ‘Predictors of leadership skills of Pennsylvanian youth’, Community Development, 49 (3): 341-357.
53. Parkhill, A., Deans, C. L., Chapin, L. A. (2018) ‘Pre-leadership processes in leadership training for adolescents’, Children and Youth Services Review, (88): 375-379.
54. Puxley, S. T., Chapin, L. A. (2020) ‘Building youth leadership skills and community awareness: Engagement of rural youth with a community‐based leadership program’, Journal of Community Psychology, (2020): 1-16.
55. Redmond, S., Dolan, P. (2016) ‘Towards a conceptual model of youth leadership development’, Child & Family Social Work, 21 (3): 261-271.
56. Rosch, D. M., Anthony, M. D. (2012) ‘Leadership pedagogy: Putting theory to practice’, New Directions for Student Services, 2012 (140): 37-51.
57. Seemiller, C., Whitney, R. (2020) ‘Creating a taxonomy of leadership competency development’, Journal of Leadership Education, 19 (1): 119-130.
58. Seevers, B. S., Dormody, T., J., Clason, D. L. (1995). ’Developing a scale to research and evaluate youth leadership life skills development’, Journal of Agricultural Education, (36): 28-34.
59. Sewell, K. M., Fredericks, K., Mohamud, A., Kallis, J., Augimeri, L. K. (2020) ‘youth experiences in evaluating the canadian snap® boys youth leadership program’, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, (37): 301-314.
60. Sherif, V. (2019) ‘Modeling Youth Leadership: An ıntegration of personality development theories and ethics’, Journal of Leadership Education, 18 (2): 1-11.
61. Sibthorp, J., Paisley, K., Gookin, J. (2007) ‘Exploring participant development through adventure-based programming: A model from the National Outdoor Leadership School’, Leisure Sciences, 29 (1): 1-18.
62. Skinner, B. F. (2002). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. (1st Edition ed.): Hackett Publishing Company.
63. Smircich, L., Morgan, G. (1982) ‘Leadership: the management of meaning’, The Journal Of Applied Behavioral Science, 18 (3): 257-273.
64. Thompson, S. A., Miller, K. L. (2018) ‘Disruptive trends in higher education: leadership skills for successful leaders’, Journal of Professional Nursing, 34 (2): 92-96.
65. UN (2020), United States World Youth Repots 2020. [Online], https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2020/07/2020-World-Youth-Report-FULL-FINAL.pdf. [Retrieved from: 01.01.2021].
66. UNESCO (2016). By youth, with youth, for youth. [Online], Available: https://en.unesco.org/youth#:~:text=Welcome%20to%20the%20UNESCO%20Youth%20Programme&text=The%20United%20Nations%20defines%20'youth,aged%20between%2015%20and%2024.&text=To%20this%20end%2C%20UNESCO%20also,ensuring%20their%20recognition%20and%20visibility. [Retrieved from: 01.01.2021].
67. Van Vugt, M. (2009) ‘Averting the tragedy of the commons: using social psychological science to protect the environment’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18 (3): 169-173.
68. Van Vugt, M., Spisak, B. R. (2008) ‘Sex differences in the emergence of leadership during competitions within and between groups’, Psychological Science, 19 (9): 854-858.
69. Zeldin, S., Camino, L. (1999) ‘Youth leadership: Linking research and program theory to exemplary practice. research and practice: completing the circle’, New Designs for Youth Development, 15 (1): 10-15.
70. Zhao, J., Jones, K. (2017) ‘Women and leadership in higher education in China: Discourse and the discursive construction of identity’, Administrative Sciences, 7 (3): 21.
71. Zimmerman-Oster, K., Burkhardt, J. (1999a). Leadership in the making: Impact and insights from leadership development programs in US colleges and universities. WK Kellogg Foundation.
72. Zimmerman-Oster, K., Burkhardt, J. C. (1999b) ‘Leadership in the making: a comprehensive examination of the impact of leadership development programs on students’, Journal of Leadership Studies, 6 (3-4): 50-66.