Polities and Olympics: Marking the Milestones and Clarifying the Trajectory

Öz

This article offers a historical overview of how dominant polities have fundamentally shaped the social functions of Olympic Games since the ancient times. Dominant polities’ role in identifying social roles of the Games is explored in light of four polity types. The paper is a historical process research, and findings are reported in a case-oriented historical narrative format based on secondary sources. The paper concludes that different meanings and roles attributed to the same event–ie. Olympics in the study–compliant with the dominant polity type of the era are the evidence for the social construction of the reality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Polity, Structure-Culture dichotomy, Olympics, Nation-state, City-state

Kaynakça

1. Argyriades, D. (1998). Administrative Legacies of Greece, Rome and Byzantium. International Journal of Public Administration, 21(1), 109-26.
2. Brown, D. (2001). Modern Sport, Modernism and the Cultural Manifesto: De Coubertin's Revue Olympique. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 18(2), 78-109.
3. Chin, Y.W., I. Henry, & F. Hong (2009). Gender, Interculturalism and Discourses on Women's Leadership in the Olympic Movement. The International Journal of the History of Sport 26(3), 442-63.
4. Connelly, J.B. (2007). Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece. NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Dagkas, S., T. Benn, & H. Jawad (2011). Multiple voices: improving participation of Muslim girls in physical education and school sport. Sport, Education and Society, 16(2), 223-39.
6. Fox, C.J., and H.T.Miller (1995). Postmodern Public Administration: Toward Discourse. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
7. Frederickson, H.G. & K.B. Smith (2003). The Public Administration Theory Primer. Colorado: Westview Press.
8. Gans, H.J. (2012). Against culture versus structure. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 19(2), 125-34.

9. Gialourēs, N. (1979). The Eternal Olympics: the Art and History of Sport. New York: Caratzas Brothers.
10. Gratton, C., & H. Preuss (2008). Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport 25(14), 1922-1938.
11. Greig, J. M. (2001). Moments of Opportunity Recognizing Conditions of Ripeness for International Mediation between Enduring Rivals. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(6), 691-718.
12. Größler, A. (2010). Policies, politics and polity: Comment on the paper by Bianchi. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27(4), 385-389.
13. Guest, A.M. (2009). The Diffusion of development-Through-Sport: Analysing the History and Practice of the Olympic Movement's Grassroots Outreach to Africa. Sport in Society 12(10), 1336-1352.
14. Haas, E.B. (2004). The uniting of Europe. Political, social, and economic forces, 1950–1957. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
15. Herguner, B. (2012). The IOC as a transnational organization: paradigm shift and its rising role in global governance. International Area Studies Review, 15(2), 176- 86.
16. Hosword, D. & C.J. Wojtkowski (2010). Orientalism: Culture, Politics, and the Imagined Other. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
17. Ionescu, S. (2009). Learning Multiculturalism as part of the School Curriculum through Olympic Pedagogy. In International Olympic Academy 9th International Session for Directors of National Olympic Academies 1 – 8 June 2007, edited by K. Georgiadis. 41-58, Athens: The International Olympic Academy.
18. Jacobs, G. & N, Asokan (1999). Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Social Development. In Human Choice: The Genetic Code for Social Development. CA: World Academy of Art & Science.
19. Juico, P.E. (2000). Sports and Governance: Pole-vaulting into the 21st Century. Manila: DLSU Press.
20. Khan, M. Z., Nawaz, A., & Miankhel, A. K. (2012). New Public Sphere in an Emerging Global Polity: Prospects for the Issue of Climate Change. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 12(12-B).
21. Koulouri, C. (2010) “The First Modern Olympic Games at Athens, 1896 in the European Context”. Center for German and European Studies, 2010. Available from: www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Koulouri_2.pdf [Accessed 2 April 2012].
22. Kraft, H.J.S. (2001). Human Rights, ASEAN and Constructivism: Revisiting the “Asian Values” Discourse”. Philippine Political Science Journal, 22(45), 33-54.
23. Lake, D. A. (2003). The New Sovereignty in International Relations. International studies review, 5(3), 303-323.
24. Lem, W. (2013). Citizenship, migration and formations of class in urban France.Dialectical anthropology, 37(3-4), 443-461
25. Liao, H., & A. Pitt (2006). A brief historical review of Olympic urbanization. The International Journal of the History of Sport 23(7), 1232-1252.
26. MacAlloon, J.J. (1981). This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. MacAlloon, J.J. (2006). The Olympic idea. The International Journal of the History of Sport 23(3-4) 483-527. Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258.
28. Schutt, R.K. (2004) Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research (4th ed.), Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
29. Seidendorf, S. (2008). Building a Polity, Creating a Memory? EU-rope’s Constitutionalization and Europe’s Past. (Joerges, C., Mahlmann,M. and Preuß,U.K.- Schmerzliche Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit’ und der Prozess der Konstitutionalisierung Europas) (Book Review). German Law Journal, 9(10), 1369-1374.
30. Shipway, R., & L. Brown (2007). Challenges for a Regional Cultural Programme of the London 2012. Games, Culture @ the Olympics, 9(5), 21-35.
31. Smith, M.L. (2004). Olympics in Athens 1896: The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games. London: Profile Books.
32. Spivey, N. (2005) The Ancient Olympics. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Swaddling, J. (2000). The Ancient Olympic Games. Austin: UT Press.
34. Toohey, K., & A.J. Veal. (2007). The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective. Trowbridge: Cromwell Press.
35. Webster’s American Family Dictionary. (1999). New York: Random House.
36. Young, D.C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games. Oxford&Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
37. Young, D.C. (2005). Mens Sana in Corpore Sano? Body and Mind in Ancient Greece. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 22(1), 22 – 41.