BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

What does it mean to be masculine? A preliminary study

Yıl 2016, Cilt 4 - Sayı 1, 108 - 117, 26.03.2016

Öz

The meaning of masculinity is constantly changing and is influenced by a variety of factors. While consumption has become the core of capitalist societies, bodies have become a commodity to be well cared-for and well-groomed through diet, exercise and plastic surgery. As the standard for a desirable male has become increasingly more muscular, muscularity has become increasingly associated with masculinity. The purpose of this preliminary study is to explore this relationship between masculinity and muscularity akin to bodily activities and characteristics. Data was collected from two focus groups, with a total of nine participants. This preliminary study highlighted that masculinity is defined as being strong and fit. Even though the participants did not desire a hyper-muscular body, they described an ideal male body image as an athletic figure with a low fat-lean ratio and frequently cited hyper-muscular stereotypes as representatives of ideal body images.

Kaynakça

  • Baudrillard J (1998). The Finest Consumer Object: The Body. In Mariam Fraser and Monica
  • Greco (Eds.). The Body. A Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Connel RW (1995). Masculinities. Berkley University of California Press, California.
  • Edwards T (1997). Men in the Mirror: Men’s Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Society.
  • London: Cassels.
  • Featherstone M (1982). The Body in the Consumer Culture. In Mike Featherstone, Mike
  • Hepworth and Bryan S. Turner (Eds.). The Body. Social Process and Cultural Theory, pp170-
  • London: Sage Publication.
  • Giddens A (1991) Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age.
  • Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Gray JJ, Ginsberg RL (2007). “Muscle Dissatisfaction: An Overview of Psychological and
  • Cultural Research and Theory.” In J. Kevin Thompson and Guy Cafri (Eds.). The Muscular
  • Ideal. Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives, pp. 15-40. Washigton DC: American
  • Psychological Association.
  • Grogan S (1999). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and
  • Children. London: Routledge
  • Leit RA, Pope HG, Gray JJ (2001). Cultural expectations of masculinity in men: The
  • evolution of Playgirl centerfolds. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 90–93.
  • Luciano L (2007). Muscularity and Masculinity in the United States: A Historical Overview.
  • In Kevin Thompson and Guy Cafri (Eds.). The Muscular Ideal. Psychological, Social, and
  • Medical Perspectives, pp. 41-67. Washigton DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Messner, MA (1977). Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities. In
  • Estelle Disch (ed.). Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology, 5th ed, pp. 119-136.
  • New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Morry MM, Staska SL (2001). Magazine Exposure: Internalization, Self-Objectification,
  • Eating Attitudes, and Body Satisfaction in Male and Female University Students. Canadian
  • Journal of Behavioural Science-revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. 33, 269-
  • Nowell C, Ricciardelli, LA (2008). Appearance-based comments, body dissatisfaction and
  • drive for muscularity in males. Body Image, 5, 337–345.
  • Pope HG, Phillips KA, Olivardia R (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male
  • Body Obsession. New York: Free Press.
  • Pope HG, Olivardia R, Gruber A, Borowiecki J (1999). Evolving ideals of male body image
  • as seen through action toys. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 26, 65-72.
  • Thompson JK, Cafri G (2007). The muscular ideal: An Introduction. In J. Kevin Thompson
  • and Guy Cafri (Eds.) .The Muscular Ideal. Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives,
  • pp 3-12. Washigton DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Wheaton B (2003). Lifestyle sport magazines and the discourses of sporting masculinity. In
  • Bethan Benwell (Ed.). Masculinity and Men’s Lifestyle Magazines, pp. 193-221. Oxford:
  • Blackwell Publishing/Sociological Review.

Maskülen olmak ne demektir? Bir ön çalışma

Yıl 2016, Cilt 4 - Sayı 1, 108 - 117, 26.03.2016

Öz

Maskülen olmanın anlamı sürekli olarak değişmekte ve birçok etmenden etkilenmektedir. Tüketim kapitalist toplumların özü haline geldikçe, bedenler de diyet, egzersiz ve plastik cerrahi ile iyi bakılacak metalar haline gelmektedir. Arzulanan erkek vücudu zaman içerisinde daha kaslı hale gelirken kaslı olmak da maskülen olmak ile ilişkilenmektedir. Bu ön çalışmanın amacı bedensel aktiviteler ve özellikler üzerinden kaslılık ve maskülinite ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın verisi toplam dokuz kişilik iki odak grubu ile toplanmıştır. Bu ön çalışma maskülinitenin güçlü ve “fit” olmak ile tanımlandığını göstermektedir. Her ne kadar çalışmanın katılımcıları aşırı-kaslı bir bedene sahip olmayı istemeseler de düşük yağ-kas oranı ve atletik bir figürü ideal beden olarak tarif ederken çok kaslılık sterotiplerini ideal beden imajının temsili olarak sıkça dile getirmişlerdir

Kaynakça

  • Baudrillard J (1998). The Finest Consumer Object: The Body. In Mariam Fraser and Monica
  • Greco (Eds.). The Body. A Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Connel RW (1995). Masculinities. Berkley University of California Press, California.
  • Edwards T (1997). Men in the Mirror: Men’s Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Society.
  • London: Cassels.
  • Featherstone M (1982). The Body in the Consumer Culture. In Mike Featherstone, Mike
  • Hepworth and Bryan S. Turner (Eds.). The Body. Social Process and Cultural Theory, pp170-
  • London: Sage Publication.
  • Giddens A (1991) Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age.
  • Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Gray JJ, Ginsberg RL (2007). “Muscle Dissatisfaction: An Overview of Psychological and
  • Cultural Research and Theory.” In J. Kevin Thompson and Guy Cafri (Eds.). The Muscular
  • Ideal. Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives, pp. 15-40. Washigton DC: American
  • Psychological Association.
  • Grogan S (1999). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and
  • Children. London: Routledge
  • Leit RA, Pope HG, Gray JJ (2001). Cultural expectations of masculinity in men: The
  • evolution of Playgirl centerfolds. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 90–93.
  • Luciano L (2007). Muscularity and Masculinity in the United States: A Historical Overview.
  • In Kevin Thompson and Guy Cafri (Eds.). The Muscular Ideal. Psychological, Social, and
  • Medical Perspectives, pp. 41-67. Washigton DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Messner, MA (1977). Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities. In
  • Estelle Disch (ed.). Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology, 5th ed, pp. 119-136.
  • New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Morry MM, Staska SL (2001). Magazine Exposure: Internalization, Self-Objectification,
  • Eating Attitudes, and Body Satisfaction in Male and Female University Students. Canadian
  • Journal of Behavioural Science-revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. 33, 269-
  • Nowell C, Ricciardelli, LA (2008). Appearance-based comments, body dissatisfaction and
  • drive for muscularity in males. Body Image, 5, 337–345.
  • Pope HG, Phillips KA, Olivardia R (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male
  • Body Obsession. New York: Free Press.
  • Pope HG, Olivardia R, Gruber A, Borowiecki J (1999). Evolving ideals of male body image
  • as seen through action toys. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 26, 65-72.
  • Thompson JK, Cafri G (2007). The muscular ideal: An Introduction. In J. Kevin Thompson
  • and Guy Cafri (Eds.) .The Muscular Ideal. Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives,
  • pp 3-12. Washigton DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Wheaton B (2003). Lifestyle sport magazines and the discourses of sporting masculinity. In
  • Bethan Benwell (Ed.). Masculinity and Men’s Lifestyle Magazines, pp. 193-221. Oxford:
  • Blackwell Publishing/Sociological Review.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Olga Selin Hünler Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt 4 - Sayı 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hünler, O. S. (2016). What does it mean to be masculine? A preliminary study. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 4(1), 108-117.
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).