A Decade of Referee Bias against College Football Programs from Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 197 - 212, 30.09.2017

Andrew Dıx

Öz

The central objective of this investigation was to examine within game penalties that were
levied against football programs from historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in
the United States. Previous scholarship that sets an appropriate background on sports science
and culture has revealed that referee bias has occurred in many European sports. It was in the
methods section of this scholarship that statistical analyses were discussed in terms of game
day penalties that occurred within the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) of the
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from the 2006 through the 2015 season.
The results illustrated that referees penalized football teams from historically black college
and universities (HBCUs) significantly more than football teams from predominantly white
institutions (PWIs). An interpretation of this quantitative data was subsequently completed
and Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) was appropriately spotlighted in the discussion
section of this study in an effort to assign meaning to the analytics of interest. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

referee bias, football, race, penalties, Expectancy Violations Theory

Kaynakça

• Abrevaya J, McCulloch R (2014). Reversal of fortune: A statistical analysis of penalty calls in the National Hockey League. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 10, 207-224. doi: 10.1515/jqas-2013-0067
• Anderson K, Pierce D (2009). Officiating bias: The effect of foul differential on foul calls in NCAA basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 687-694. doi: 10.1080/02640410902729733 Baron R (1986). Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 1-39. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60211-7
• Beil G (2002). Melvin B. Tolson - Texas Radical. East Texas Historical Journal, 40, 26-36.
• Bethune-Cookman University (2013). College mission statement. Retrieved from http://www.cookman.edu/about_bcu/administration/B-CU-Mission.html
• Boyko RH, Boyko AR, Boyko, MG (2007). Referee bias contributes to home advantage inEnglish Premiership football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 1185-1194. doi: 10.1080/02640410601038576
• Buraimo B, Simmons R, Maciaszczyk M (2012). Favoritism and referee bias in European soccer: Evidence from the Spanish League and the UEFA champions league. Contemporary Economic Policy, 30, 329-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00295.x
• Burgoon J, Aho L (1982). Three field experiments on the effects of conversational distance. Communication Monographs, 49, 71-88. doi: 10.1080/03637758209376073
• Burgoon J, Hale, J (1988). Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors. Communication Monographs, 55, 58-79. doi: 10.10 80/03637758809376158
• Burgoon J, Jones, S (1976). Toward a theory of personal space expectations and their violations Human Communication Research, 2, 131-146. doi: 10.1111/j.14682958.1976.tb00706.x
• Cooper J, Dougherty S (2015). Does race still matter? A post bowl championship (BCS) eraexamination of student athletes’ experiences at Division I historically black college/university (HBCU) and predominantly white institution (PWI). Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 8, 74-101.
• Deutscher C (2015). No referee bias in the NBA: New evidence with leagues’ assessment data. Journal of Sports Analytics, 1, 91-96. doi: 10.3233/JSA-150012
• Dix A (2016). Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use and their affect on perceptionsof athlete intellect. International Journal of Sport Studies, 6, 412-422.
• Essoka Y (2014). Beyond the fifth quarter: The influence of HBCU marching bands. In M. Gasman & F. Commodore (Eds.), Opportunities and Challenges at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (pp. 129-137). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Frank M, Gilovich T (1988). The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 74-85.
• Garicano L, Palacios-Huerta I, Prendergast C (2005). Favoritism under social pressure. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87, 208-216. doi: 10.3386/w8376
• Graham J, Mayberry J (2016). The ebb and flow of official calls in water polo. Journal of Sports Analytics, 2, 61-71. doi: 10.3233/JSA-160019
• Goumas C (2014). Home advantage and referee bias in European football. European Journal of Sport Science, 14, 243-249. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.686062
• Larsen T, Price J, Wolfers J (2008). Racial Bias in the NBA: Implications in betting markets. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 4, 1-19. doi: 10.2202/1559-0410.1112
• Lehman DR, Reifman A (1987). Spectator influence on basketball officiating. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 673-675.
• McCormick RE, & Tollison RD (1992). Crime on the court. The Journal of Political Economy, 92, 223-235. doi: 10.1086/261221
• Parsons CA, Sulaeman J, Yates MC, Hamermesh, DS (2011). Strike three: Umpires’ demand for discrimination. American Economic Review, 101, 1410–1435. doi: 10.3386/w13665
• Price J, Wolfers J (2010). Racial discrimination among NBA referees. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125, 1859-1887. doi: 10.1162/qjec.2010.125.4.1859
• Rodenberg RM, Lim CH (2009). Payback calls: A starting point for measuring basketball referee bias and impact on team performance. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9, 375-387. doi: 10.1080/16184740903331853
• Rucker ML, Davis-Showell JM (2007). Revisiting teacher immediacy in the HBCU and PWIcontext: Do teacher immediacy and interpersonal communication satisfaction influence student retention? Human Communication, 10, 199-211.
• Snyder K, Lopez M (2015). Consistency, accuracy, and fairness: a study of discretionarypenalties in the NFL. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 11, 219-230. doi: 10.151 5/jqas-2015-0039
• Souchon N, Coulomb-Cabagno G, Traclet A, Rascle O (2004). Referees’ decision making inhandball and transgressive behaviors: Influence of stereotypes about gender of players? Sex Roles, 51, 445-453. doi: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000049233.28353.f0
• The Citadel. (n.d.). College mission statement. Retrieved from http://www.citadel.edu/root/admissions-leadership/admissions-mission-statement
• Unkelbach C, Memmert D (2008). Game management, context effects, and calibration: The case of yellow cards in soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 95-109. doi: 10.1123/jsep.30.1.95
• Vecer J, Kopriva F, Ichiba T (2009). Estimating the effect of the red card in soccer: When to commit an offense in exchange for preventing a goal opportunity. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 5: Issue 1, Article 8 (Online). doi: 10.2202/1559-0410.1146