The Acute Effects of Different Stretching Exercises on the Power and Agility of Adolescent Football Players

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 150 - 166, 29.06.2023

Mücahit Işık , Ömer Şenel

Öz

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the power and agility of adolescent male football players. Ten male football players (age 15.8 ± 1.47 years, height 1.66 ± 0.05 m, body weight 59.6 ± 10.7 kg, training age 3 ± 1.94 years) from a team competing in the Bitlis 1st Amateur Group B of the 2019/20 season voluntarily participated in the study. All subjects participated in control (warm-up only), static stretching (warm-up + static stretching) and dynamic stretching (warm-up + dynamic stretching) exercise groups, respectively, on non-consecutive days. All groups were given 10-minute warm-up exercises. After warming up, the control group was given 10 minutes of passive rest. For the main muscle groups, 10 minutes of static stretching was applied to one of the other two groups, and 10 minutes of dynamic stretching exercises were applied to the other. After 1-2 minutes of rest, T-drill, medicine ball throwing and vertical jump test measurements were taken from the athletes, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed statistically and the level of significance was determined as p<0.05. As a result of the research, while there was no significant difference between acute static stretching and dynamic stretching in terms of power performance, a significant difference was found in favor of dynamic stretching in agility performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Static stretching, dynamic stretching, warm-up, power, agility.

Kaynakça

• Accuweather (2020). Tatvan, Bitlis monthly weather report. On 01.04.2021. https://www.accuweather.com/tr/tr/tatvan/317278/may-weather/317278?year=2020. accessed from. (In Turkish).
• Akyüz, Ö. (2017). Examination of basic motoric characteristics with different stretching exercises in football players. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 1255-1262. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Alp, M. (2016). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on lower extremity strength performances in taekwondo athletes, Doctoral Thesis, Manisa Celal Bayar University Institute of Health Sciences, Manisa, 3. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Amiri-Khorasani, M., and Fattahi-Bafghi, A. (2013). Acute effects of different dynamic stretching on power and agility in soccer players. Iranian Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 4(1), 17-22.
• Amiri-Khorasani, M., Sahebozamani, M., Tabrizi, K. G., and Yusof, A. B. (2010). Acute effect of different stretching methods on illinois agility test in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2698-2704.
• Atan, T. (2019). Effect of different warm-up protocols on joint range of motion, jumping and sprint performance. International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 621-635. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Avela, J., Kyrölainen, H., and Paavo, V. K. (1999). Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(4), 1283-1291.
• Avloniti, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Fatouros, I. G., Avloniti, C., Protopapa, M., Draganidis, D., Stampoulis, T., Leontsini, D., Mavropalias, G., Gounelas, G., Kambas, A. (2016). The acute effects of static stretching on speed and agility performance depend on stretch duration and conditioning level. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(10), 2767-2773.
• Bacurau, R. F., Monteiro, G. D., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., Cabral, L. F., and Aoki, M. S. (2009). Acute effect of a ballistic and a static stretching exercise bout on flexibility and maximal strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 304-308.
• Behara, B., and Jacobson, B. H. (2017). Acute effects of deep tissue foam rolling and dynamic stretching on muscular strength, power, and flexibility in division I linemen. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(4), 888-892.
• Behm, D. G., Bambury, A., Cahill, F., and Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402.
• Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up I. Sports medicine, 33(6), 439-454.
• Brown, L. E., and Ferrigno, V. A. (2018). Speed, agility, quickness training. (Trans. Bağırgan, T.) Ankara: Sports Publishing House and Bookstore. (Original published in 2014). (In Turkish).
• Chatzopoulos, D., Galazoulas, C., Patikas, D., and Kotzamanidis, C. (2014). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on balance, agility, reaction time and movement time. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(2), 403-409.
• Cicioğlu, İ., Gökdemir, K., and Erol, E. (1996). The effect of plyometric training on vertical jump performance and some physical and physiological parameters of 14-15 age group basketball players. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 7(1), 11-23. (In Turkish: English abstract).
• Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Miller, J. M., Coburn, J. W., and Beck, T. W. (2004). Acute effects of static stretching on peak torque in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 236-241.
• Demirel, N., Yüktaşır, B., Yalçın, H. B., and Tanesen, B. (2004). The effect of static stretching exercises on the flexibility development of girls. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 6(3), 25-30. (In Turkish: English abstract).
• Depino, G. M., Webright, W. G., and Arnold, B. L. (2000). Duration of maintained hamstring flexibility after cessation of an acute static stretching protocol. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(1), 56-59.
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Kang, J., McFarland, J., Bloom, J. M., Magnatta, J., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, J. (2006). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on anaerobic performance in teenage athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(1), 64-75.
• Fattahi-Bafghi, A., and Amiri-Khorasani, M. (2012). Effects of static and dynamic stretching during warm-up on vertical jump in soccer players. International Journal of Sport Studies, 2(10), 484-488.
• Fox, E. L., Bowers, R. W., and Foss, M. L. (1993). The physiological basis for exercise and sport. 5th Edition. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 658.
• Göksu, Ö., and Yüksek, S. (2003). Effect of the applying dynamic streching exercises development to flexibility age of the between 10-12 years female swimmers. Istanbul University Journal of Sport Sciences, 11(3), 62-67. (In Turkish: English abstract).
• Günay, M., and Yüce, A. İ. (2008). Scientific basis of soccer training. 3rd Edition. Ankara: Gazi Bookstore, 47, 49. (In Turkish)
• Günay, M., Sıktar, E., and Sıktar, E. (2017). Training science. Ankara: Gazi Bookstore, 473, 479-481. (In Turkish)
• Gündüz, E. (2017). Investigation of the sports performance levels of the football players in the adolescent period, Master Thesis, Istanbul Gelisim University Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul, 20. (In Turkish: English abstract).
• Harman, E. A., Rosenstein, M. T., Frykman, P. N., Rosenstein, R. M., and Kraemer, W. J. (1991). Estimation of human power output from vertical jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 5(3), 116-120.
• Herman, S. L., and Smith, D. T. (2008). Four-week dynamic stretching warm-up ıntervention elicits longer-term performance benefits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1286-1297.
• Horita, T., Komi, P. V., Nicol, C., and Kyrolainen, H. (1996). Stretch shortening cycle fatigue: interactions among joint stiness, reflex and muscle mechanical performance in the drop jump. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73(5), 393-403.
• Hough, P. A., Ross, E. Z., and Howatson, G. (2009). Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 507-512.
• Islegen, Ç. (2013). The effect of stretching exercises in the elimination of sports injuries. Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 101-108. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Jaggers, J. R., Swank, A. M., Frost, K. L., and Lee, C. D. (2008). The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretching on vertical jump height, force, and power. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1844-1849.
• Jordan, J. B., Korgaokar, A. D., Farley, R. S., and Caputo, J. L. (2012). Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on agility performance in elite youth soccer players. International Journal of Exercise Science, 5(2), 97-105.
• Knudson, D., Bennett, K., Corn, R., Leick, D., and Smith, C. (2001). Acute effects of stretching are not evident in the kinematics of the vertical jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 98-101.
• Kokkonen, J., Nelson, A. G., and Cornwell, A. (1998). Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(4), 411-415.
• Little, T., and Williams, A. G. (2006). Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 203-207.
• Manoel, M. E., Harris-Love, M. O., Danoff, J. V., and Miller, T. A. (2008). Acute effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle power in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1528-1534.
• Marek, S. M., Cramer, J. T., Fincher, A. L., Massey, L. L., Dangelmaier, S. M., Purkayastha, S., Fitz, K. A., and Culbertson, J. Y. (2005). Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strength and power output. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(2), 94-103.
• McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., and Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static- stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.
• Nelson, R. T., and Bandy, W. D. (2004). Eccentric training and static stretching improve hamstring flexibility of high school males. Journal of Athletic Training, 39(3), 254-258.
• O'Sullivan, K., Murray, E., and Sainsbury, D. (2009). The effect of warm-up, static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in previously injured subjects. BioMed Central Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10(37), 1-9.
• Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., and Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the t-test as a measure of agility, leg power and leg speed in college-aged men and women. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(4),443-450.
• Perrier, E. T., Pavol, M. J., and Hoffman, M. A. (2011). The acute effects of a warm-up including static or dynamic stretching on countermovement jump height, reaction time, and flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1925-1931.
• Polat, S., Edis, Ç., and CatıkkaS, F. (2019). Effects of dynamic and static stretching exercises applied during the warm-up session on performance. The Journal of Turkish Sport Science, 2(1), 31-38. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Power, K., Behm, D., Cahill, F., Carroll, M., and Young, W. (2004). An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402.
• Samuel, M. N., Holcomb, W. R., Guadagnoli, M. A., Rubley, M. D., and Wallmann, H. (2008). Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on measures of strength and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1422-1428.
• Shaji, J., and Isha, S. (2009). Comparative analysis of plyometric training program and dynamic stretching on vertical jump and agility in male collegiate basketball player. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 36-46.
• Shellock, F. G., and Prentice, W. E. (1985). Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related ınjuries. Sports Medicine, 2(4), 267-278.
• Small, K., Naughton, L. M., and Matthews, M. (2008). A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise- related ınjury. Research in Sports Medicine, 16(3), 213-231.
• Stockbrugger, B. A., and Haennel, R. G. (2001). Validity and reliability of a medicine ball explosive power test. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,15(4), 431-438.
• Stolen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., and Wisloff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer: an update, Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501-536.
• Senel, Ö. (1999). Sport injuries and occurrence reasons during a season in professional football players. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 4(4),32-37. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Unick, J., Kieffer, H. S., Cheesman, W., and Feeney, A. (2005). The acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on vertical jump performance in trained women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(1), 206-212.
• Van Gelder, L. H., and Bartz, S. D. (2011). The effect of acute stretching on agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3014-3021.
• Winchester, J. B., Nelson, A. G., Landin, D., Young, M. A., and Schexnayder, I. C. (2008). Static stretching impairs sprint performance in collegiate track and field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 13-19.
• Yamaguchi, T., and Ishii, K. (2005). Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds and dynamic stretching on leg extension power. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 677-683.
• Yamaguchi, T., Ishii, K., Yamanaka, M., and Yasuda, K. (2007). Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4),1238-1244.
• Yaslı, B. C., and Müniroglu, R. S. (2019). The effects of 8 weeks static stretching traning on jumping in soccer players. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 17(4), 134-142. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Yıldız, S., Cilli, M., Gelen, E., and Güzel, E. (2013). Acute effect of static stretching applied at different times on speed performance. Internatinal Journal of Human Sciences, 10(1), 1202-1213. (In Turkish: English abstract)
• Young, W. B., and Behm, D. G. (2003). Effects of running, static stretching and practice jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43(1), 21-27.
• Young, W., and Elliott, S. (2001). Acute effects of static stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and maximum voluntary contractions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(3), 273-279.