Özel Gereksinimli Çocuğu Olan Annelerin Mutluluk Korkusu ve Şükran Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, , 1501 - 1527, 31.12.2022

Erdi Kulbaş

https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1073325

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan annelerin mutluluk korkusu ile şükran düzeylerini sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelemek ve mutluluk korkusu ile şükran düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesidir. Bu araştırma kapsamında İstanbul’da ikamet eden, zihinsel yetersizliği veya otizm tanısı olan çocuğa sahip 312 anne çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. İlişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada çalışma grubunun Mutluluk Korkusu düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla Demirci vd., (2016) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan Mutluluk korkusu ölçeği, Şükran düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla ise Kardaş ve Yalçın (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Şükran ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına ilişin analizler SPSS 17 paket programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Analiz kısmında gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız örneklem T testi ve ANOVA testi farklılıkların hangi yönde gerçekleştiğini belirlemek amacıyla da Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların şükran düzeyleri ve mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla Pearson Momentler katsayısı kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanında, katılımcıların şükran düzeyinin mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri üzerindeki etkiyi belirlemek amacıyla da çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan annelerin şükran düzeyleri ve mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelendiği bu araştırmada hem sosyo-demografik değişkenlere göre hem de değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilere göre anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre annelerin mutluluk korkusu ve şükran düzeylerinin yaş, ekonomik durum, öğrenim durumu, çocuk sayısı değişkenleri açısından farklılaştığı, şükran düzeyleri ile mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasında da negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özel Gereksinimli Çocuk, Mutluluk Korkusu, Şükran

Kaynakça

• Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017
• Adler, M. G. &Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual Differences in Finding Value and Meaning as a unique Predictor of Subjective Well- Being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79-114. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00305.x
• Altiere, M. J., & von Kluge, S. (2009). Family functioning and coping behaviors in parents of children with autism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9209-y
• Bilge, A., Buruntekin, F., Orçin Demiral, N., Özer, G., Keleş, B., Yalçın, E., Tavukçu, G., Kıray, A., Siviloğlu, T., & Bol, S. (2014). Engelli yakınlarına verilen stresle baş etme ve yaşam doyumlarını arttırma eğitiminin etkinliğinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 611-618.
• Belen, H. & Barmanpek, U. (2020). Fear of happiness and subjective well-being: Mediating role of gratitude. Turkish Studies-Education, 15(3), 1561-1571. https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.42067
• Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Oxford: Aldine.
• Cappe, E., Wolff, M., Bobet, R., & Adrien, J.-L. (2011). Quality of life: A key variable to consider in the evaluation of adjustment in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and in the development of relevant support and assistance programmes. Quality of Life Research, 20 (8), 1279–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9861-3
• Cheng, S., Tsui, P., & Lam, J. M. (2014). Improving mental health in health care practitioners: randomized controlled trial of a gratitude intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83 (1), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037895
• Demirci, I., Ekşi, H., Kardaş, S., & Dincer, D. (2016). Mutluluk korkusu ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği [The validity and reliability of Turkish version of Fear of Happiness Scale]. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(4), 2057–2072. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/kefdergi/ issue/27734/327780
• Demirci, Y. (2021). Pozitif psikoloji çerçevesinde huzurevinde kalan yaşlılara bakış: minnettarlık, mental iyi-oluş ve öz anlayış. Yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa teknik Üniversitesi.
• Demirci, İ., H. Ekşi, S. Kardaş ve D. Dinçer, (2016). Mutluluk Korkusu Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği (The validity and reliability of Turkish version of Fear of Happiness Scale) Kastamonu Education Journal, 24(4), 2057-2072.
• DeNeve, J-E., Diener, E., Tay, L., & Xuereb, C. (2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report 2013. Volume 2. (pp. 54-79). New York: UN Sustainable Network Development Solutions Network.
• Değirmenci, N.(2019). Özel gereksinimli çocuk sahibi anne ve babaların depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri. Yüksek lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Dereli, F. & Okur, S. (2008). Engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin depresyon durumunun belirlenmesi. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 25(3), 164-168.
• Dost, M. T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumunun bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 132-143.
• Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56
• Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
• Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 18, 459–471.
• Emmons, R. A., & Stern, R. (2013). Gratitude as a psychotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22020
• Erkoç, B., Lotfi, S., & Zafer Danış, M. (2021). A study to determine the relationship between family fit, cherophobia and psychological well-being. Arch Health Sci Res, 8(3), 175-181.
• Eryılmaz, A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencileri için geliştirilen öznel iyi oluşu artırma programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1 (31), 111-128. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19404/206247
• Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35(2), 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2012.10.004
• Fernandez, M. C., & Arcia, E. (2004). Disruptive behaviors and maternal responsibility: a complex portrait of stigma, self-blame, and other reactions. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 356e372.
• Ford, B. Q., Shallcross, A. J., Mauss, I. B., Floerke, V. A., & Gruber, J. (2014). Desperately seeking happiness: Valuing happiness is associated with symptoms and diagnosis of depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(10), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.10.890
• Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, E. S., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021 590.
• Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective wellbeing in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 633-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.006
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., Baião, R., & Palmeira, L. (2014). Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12037
• Gordon, C. L., Arnette, R. A., & Smith, R. E. (2011). Have you thanked your spouse today?: Felt and expressed gratitude among married couples. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.012
• Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0222:BPOCWA>2.0.CO;2
• Hendriks, T., Schotanus‐Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., De Jong, J., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2019). The efficacy of multi‐component positive psychology interventions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(8), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00082-1
• Hermansyah, A. D., Saleh, U., & Permatasari, N. (2017, August). Correlation between gratitude and perceived social support in parents of children with intellectual disability. In 8th International Conference of Asian Association of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (ICAAIP 2017) (pp. 11-14). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icaaip-17.2018.3
• Hill, P. L., & Allemand, M. (2011). Gratitude, forgivingness, and well-being in adulthood: Tests of moderation and incremental prediction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6 (5), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.602099.
• Jans-Beken, L., Lataster, J., Peels, D., Lec hner, L., & Jacobs, N. (2018). Gratitude, psychopathology and subjective well-being: Results from a 7.5-month prospective general population study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1673-1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9893-7
• Johnson, N., Frenn, M., Feetham, S., & Simpson, P. (2011). Autism spectrum disorder: Parenting stress, family functioning and health-related quality of life. Families, Systems, & Health, 29(3), 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025341
• Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2017). Integrating positive and clinical psychology: Viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9728-y
• Jose, A., Gupta, S., Gulati, S., & Sapra, S. (2017). Prevalence of depression in mothers of children having ASD. Current Medicine Research and Practice, 7(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2016.12.003
• Joshanloo, M., & Weijers, D. (2013). Fear of happiness across cultures: A review of where and why are averse to happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9489-9
• Joshanloo, M. (2013). The influence of fear of happiness beliefs on responses to the satisfaction with life scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 647-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.011
• Joshanloo, M. (2018). Fear and fragility of happiness as mediators of the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective well‐being. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.016
• Joshanloo, M., Lepshokova, Z. K., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A., Poon, W. C., Yeung, V. W., Sundaram, S., Achoui, M., Asano, R., Igarashi, T., Tsukamoto, S., Rizwan, M., Khilji, I. A., Ferreira, M. C., Pang, J. S., Ho, L. S., Han, G., Bae, J., & Jiang, D.Y. (2014). Cross‐cultural validation of fear of happiness scale across 14 national groups. Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 246–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113505357
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research methods] (23. baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kashdan, T. B., Mishra, A., Breen, W. E., & Froh, J. J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x.
• Khan, I., & Singh, N. (2013). A study on gender differences on gratitude, spirituality and forgiveness among school teachers. International Journal of Applied Sciences & Engineering (IJASE), 1(1), 9-14.
• Koydemir, S., & Tosun, Ü. (2009). Impact of autistic children on the lives of mothers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2534–2540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.447
• Kübler-Ross E, Kessler, D. (2014). On grief and grieving: finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York, Scribner.
• Lambert, L., Passmore, H.‐A., Joshanloo, M., Lambert, L., Passmore, H.A., & Joshanloo, M. (2018). A positive psychology intervention program in a culturally‐diverse university: Boosting happiness and reducing fear. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1141–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9993-z
• Lestari, R., & Pratisti, W. D. (2019). Gratitude and optimism ın parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). South East Asia Journal Of Contemporary Business, Economics And Law, 20(6), 9-16.
• Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(5), 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372796
• Mak, W., & Kwok, Y. (2010). Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.023.
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
• Özen, F. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde obsesif inançların mutluluk korkusunu yordayıcılığının incelenmesi.(Yayın No. 602614) (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çağ Üniversitesi) YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Park, N. (2009). Character strengths (VIA). In S. J. Lopez (Ed).The encyclopedia of positive psychology (pp. 442- 447). Malden MA: Black well.
• Peker, A., Eroğlu, Y. ve Özcan, N. (2015). Özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip anneler ile tipik gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip annelerin psikolojik sağlamlık, iyilik hali ve mutluluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 5(3), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.31984
• Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The journal of positive psychology, 2(3), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press/Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.
• Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2012). Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non‐clinical samples. Cognition & Emotion, 26(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.555474
• Rodriguez, C.M. & Murphy, L.E. (1997). Parenting stres and abuse potential in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Child Maltreatment, 97(3), 245-52.
• Sarı, T., & Çakır, S. G. (2016). Mutluluk korkusu ile öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [The relationships of fear of happiness with subjective and psychological well-being]. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 222-229. Retrieved from http://www.jret.org/FileUpload/ ks281142/File/25a.tugba_sari.pdf
• Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
• Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
• Singh, M., Khan, W., & Osmany, M. (2014). Gratitude and health among young adults. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 465-468.
• Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.001.0001
• Szczygieł, D., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Why are people high in emotional intelligence happier? They make the most of their positive emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.051
• Şar, V., Türk, T., & Öztürk, E. (2019). Fear of happiness among college students: The role of gender, childhood psychological trauma, and dissociation. Indian journal of psychiatry, 61(4), 389. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_52_17
• Tejada‐Gallardo, C., Blasco‐Belled, A., Torrelles‐Nadal, C., & Alsinet, C. (2020). Effects of school‐based multicomponent positive psychology interventions on well‐being and distress in adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(10), 1943–1960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01289-9
• Thomas, M., & Watkins, P. (2003). Measuring the grateful trait: Development of revised GRAT. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver.
• Timmons, L. N. (2015). The effectiveness of a gratitude intervention at improving well-being for parents of children with Autism spectrum disorder. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Department of Psychology Texas Christian University.
• Timmons, L., Ekas, N., & Johnson, P. (2017). Thankful thinking: A thematic analysis of gratitude letters by mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.009
• Tofangchi, M., Kajbaf, M., & Ghamarani, A. (2013). Effectiveness of gratitude training on happiness in mother of child with mental retardation. New York Science Journal, 6(12), 98-101.
• Tudge, J. R. H., Freitas, O. L. B. C., Mokrova, I. L., Wang, Y. C., O’Brien, M. (2015). The wishes and expression of gratitude of youth. Paidéia, 25(62), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272562201501
• Türk, T., A. Malkoç, O.O., & Kocabıyık, (2017). Psychometric properties of fear of happiness scale Turkish form. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 9(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281036
• Uğuz, Ş., Toros, F., İnanç, B. Y., & Çolakkadıoğlu, O. (2004). Zihinsel ve/veya bedensel engelli çocukların annelerinin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(1), 42-47.
• Yıldız, G.T. (2020). Egonun savunma mekanizmaları ile bilinçli farkındalık ve mutluluk korkusu arasındaki ilişki [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi.
• Waterman, A. S. (2013). The humanistic psychology-positive psychology divide: Contrasts in philosophical foundations. American Psychologist, 68(3), 124–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032168
• Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behaviorand Personality, 31(5), 431–452. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431
• Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical ntegration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005