AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS

Hatice Kübra Ecemiş Yılmaz

doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1253060

EN TR

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autonomous weapons , Just war theory , Artificial intelligence in warfare

AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) present a formidable obstacle to the application of just war theory in international law. While just war theory has long served as a framework for assessing the moral and legal justification of armed conflict, the lack of human control over the use of force in AWS creates unique ethical and legal challenges. This article investigates the effects of AWS on just war theory in international law, including the application of jus ad bellum and jus in bello criteria. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of AWS, the current legal framework for these systems, and the difficulties associated with applying just war theory criteria to AWS. The article concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development to address these challenges, including the need for additional research, the development of clear legal frameworks, international cooperation and coordination, public participation and awareness, and research on alternative approaches to the use of AWS in armed conflict. By addressing these concerns, researchers can work toward a future in which the development and use of AWS are consistent with the principles of the just war theory and international law

Keywords

Autonomous Weapons , Just War Theory , Artificial Intelligence in Warfare , International Law

OTONOM SİLAH SİSTEMLERİ VE HAKLI SAVAŞ TEORİSİ: ZORLUKLAR VE ÖNERİLER

Öz

Otonom silah sistemleri (OSS), haklı savaş teorisinin uluslararası hukukta uygulanmasının önünde zorlu bir engel teşkil etmektedir. Haklı savaş teorisi, uzun süredir silahlı çatışmanın ahlaki ve yasal gerekçelerini değerlendirmek için bir çerçeve işlevi görmüş olsa da, OSS’de güç kullanımı üzerinde insan kontrolünün olmaması, benzersiz etik ve yasal zorluklar yaratır. Bu makale, jus ad bellum ve jus in bello kriterlerinin uygulanması da dahil olmak üzere OSS’nin uluslararası hukukta haklı savaş teorisi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. OSS’nin avantajlarını ve dezavantajlarını, bu sistemler için mevcut yasal çerçeveyi ve haklı savaş teorisi kriterlerini OSS’ye uygulamayla ilgili zorlukları tartışmaktadır. Makale, ek araştırma ihtiyacı, açık yasal çerçevelerin geliştirilmesi, uluslararası işbirliği ve koordinasyon, halkın katılımı ve farkındalığı ve silahlı çatışmada OSS kullanımına yönelik alternatif yaklaşımlar üzerine araştırma dahil olmak üzere, bu zorlukları ele almak için gelecekteki araştırma ve politika geliştirmeye yönelik önerilerle sona ermektedir. Bu kaygıların giderilmesi halinde, araştırmacılar OSS ‘nin geliştirilmesi ve kullanılmasının haklı savaş teorisi ve uluslararası hukuk ilkeleriyle tutarlı bir hale getirilmesi mümkündür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otonom Silahlar , Haklı Savaş Teorisi , Savaşta Yapay Zeka , Uluslararası Hukuk

Kaynakça

AKERSON, David: “The Illegality of Offensive Lethal Autonomy”. SAXON, Dan, International Humanitarian Law and the Changing Technology of War, Brill, 2013.
ALSTON, Philip: “Lethal Robotic Technologies: The Implications for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law”. Journal of Law, Information and Science, 21(2), 2011, p.35-60.
AMOROSO, Daniele: “Jus in bello and jus ad bellum arguments against autonomy in weapons systems: A re-appraisal”. Questions of International Law, 4(43), 2017, p. 5-31.
ARKIN, Ronald C.: “The case for ethical autonomy in unmanned systems”. Journal of Military Ethics, 9(4), 2010, p. 332-341.
BARBER, Ian Andrew: “Autonomous Weapons Systems & Accountability: Rethinking Criminal Responsibility for War Crimes at the ICC”. SOAS Law Journal, 7(1), 2020, p.5-64.
BLANCHARD, Alexander/TADDEO, Mariarosaria: “Jus in bello Necessity, The Requirement of Minimal Force, and Autonomous Weapons Systems”. Journal of Military Ethics, 2023, p.1-8.
BOOGAARD, Jeroen Van Den: “Proportionality and Autonomous Weapons Systems”. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 6(2), 2015, p.247-283.
CASS, Kelly: “Autonomous Weapons and Accountability: Seeking Solutions in the Law of War”. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 48(3), 2015, p.1017-1068.
Certain Conventional Weapons, ‘Report of the 2017 Group of Government Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems’ (22 December 2017) UN Doc CCW/GGE.1/2017/3 1,7.
CLAPHAM, Andrew: “Human rights obligations of non-state actors in conflict situations”. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(863), 2006, p.491-523.

“Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” (adopted 10 April 1981, entered into force 2 December 1983).
CORDERO, Carlo A.: Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the End of Just War: Awakened Automata or Solemn Simulacra, Air Univ Maxwell Afb Al Maxwell Afb, United States, 2018.
DREMLIUGA, Roman: “General Legal Limits of the Application of the Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems within the Purview of International Humanitarian Law”. Journal of Politics and Law, 13(2), 2020, p.115-121.
DREVESKRACHT, Ryan: “Just War in International Law: An Argument for a Deontological Approach to Humanitarian Law”. Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, 16, 2010, p.237-288.
DRISCOLL, William/ZOMPETTI, Joseph/ZOMPETTI, Susette: The International Criminal Court: Global Politics and the Quest for Justice, International Debate Education Association, New York, 2004.
EGELAND, Kjolv: “Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law”. Nordic Journal of International Law, 85(2), 2016, p.68-98.
FLECK, Dieter: “The Law of Non- International Armed Conflicts”. The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
FREIBERGER, Erich: “Just War Theory and the Ethics of Drone Warfare”. E-International Relations, 2013, p.1-7.
GEISS, Robin: “The international-law dimension of autonomous weapons systems”. International Policy Analysis, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2015.
“Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva”, 12.08.1949; https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva”, 12.08.1949; https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva”, 12.08.1949; https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva”, 12.08.1949, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12.08.1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts” (Protocol I), 8.06.1977; https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12.08.1949 and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem” (Protocol III), 8.12. 2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
“Geneva Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12.08.1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts” (Protocol II), 8. 06.1977; https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries, (Accessed: 18.02.2023).
GRUT, Chantal: “The challenge of autonomous lethal robotics to international humanitarian law”. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 18(1), 2013, p.5-23.
GÜNEYSU, Gökhan: “Yeni Silahların Tabi Tutulması Gereken Hukukîlik Denetimi ve Otonom Silah Sistemleri”. Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 14(1), 2023, p.81-105.
HAMMOND, Daniel N.: “Autonomous Weapons and the Problem of State Accountability”. Chicago Journal of International Law, 15(2), 2015, p.652-687.
HEYNS, Christof: “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, and Arbitrary Execution, United Nations Human Rights Council”. 23/47, 9. 4. 2013, paras 63-74.
HOROWITZ, Michael C.: “The Ethics & Morality of Robotic Warfare: Assessing the Debate over Autonomous Weapons”, Dædalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 145 (4), 2016, p.25-36.
KAISER, Stefan A.: “Legal Challenges of Automated and Autonomous Systems”. German Yearbook of International Law, 60, 2017, p.173-202.
KIAKALAYEH, Mahshid Talebian: “International Humanitarian Law and Artificial Intelligence: A Canadian Perspective”. PhD dissertation, University of Windsor, Canada, 2022.
LEE, Roy S.: The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations and Results, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2002.
LEWIS, Johin: “The Case for Regulating Fully Autonomous Weapons”. Yale Law Journal, 124(4), 2015, p.1309-1326.
MA, Erica H.: “Autonomous Weapons Systems under International Law”. New York University Law Review, 95(5), 2020, p.1438-1474.
MARCHANT, Gary E./ALLENBY, Braden/ARKIN, Ronald/BARRETT, Edward T.: “International Governance of Autonomous Military Robots”. Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, 12, 2011, p.272-316.
MERON, Theodor: “The Martens Clause, Principles of Humanity, and Dictates of Public conscience”. American Journal of International Law, 94(1), 2000, p.78-89.
MURPHY, James G.: War’s ends: human rights, international order, and the ethics of peace, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, 2014.
OZGUNER, Umit/ACARMAN, Tankut/REDMILL, Keith Alan: Autonomous ground vehicles, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2011. Responsibility for War Crimes at the ICC”. SOAS Law Journal, 7(1), 2020, p.5-64.
ROFF, Heather M.: “Lethal Autonomous Weapons and Jus Ad Bellum Proportionality”. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 47(1), 2015, p.37-52.
ROSE, Gregory/OSWALD, Bruce Oswald: “Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions”. In Detention of Non-State Actors Engaged in Hostilities, Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
RYCHLAK, Ronald J.: “Just War Theory, International Law, and the War in Iraq”. Ave Maria Law Review, 2, 2004, p.1-48.
SCHMITT, Michael N./THUMBER, Jeffrey S.: “Out of the Loop: Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict”. Harvard National Security Journal, 4(2), 2013, p.231-281.
SINGER, Peter W.: “Military Robots and the Laws of War”. The New Atlantis, 23, 2009, p.25-45.
SOLIS, Gary D.: The Law of Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.250-286.
SPINDLER, Zsolt: “Just War Theories from Jus Ad Bellum to Jus Post Bellum-Legal Historical and Legal Philosophycal Perspectives”. Kazan University Law Review, 4(4),2019, p.2397-272.
STRAWSER, Bradley J.: Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military, Oxford University Press, New York, 2013.
TAYLOR, M. J.: “Just Obsolescence: Is Just War Theory Still Relevant in the 21st Century?”. Manchester Review of Law, Crime and Ethics, 10, 2021, p.173-190.
THE UNITED NATIONS, “The Charter of the United Nations”, 1945, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf, (Accessed: 18.2.2023).
TOSCANO, Christopher P.: “Friend of Humans: An Argument for Developing Autonomous Weapons Systems”. Journal of National Security Law and Policy, 8(1), 2015, p.189-246.
VON ELBE, Joachim: “The evolution of the concept of the just war in international law”. American Journal of International Law, 33(4), 1939, p.665-688.
WALZER, Michael: Haklı Savaş Haksız Savaş: Tarihten Örneklerle Desteklenmiş Ahlaki Bir Tez, Çev. DOĞAN, Mehmet, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2010.
WARREN, Aiden/HILLAS, Alek: “Decreasing Unintentional War: Governance Considerations for Regulating Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems”. Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 9(2), 2021, p.68-98.
WINTER, Elliot: “The Compatibility of Autonomous Weapons with the Principles of Distinction in the Law of Armed Conflict”. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 69(4), 2020, p.845–876.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Hukuk

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Hatice Kübra Ecemiş Yılmaz ^*
0000-0001-9438-0291
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

17 Ağustos 2023

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

19 Şubat 2023

Kabul Tarihi

14 Ağustos 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1253060

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA49XJ67US

APA

Ecemiş Yılmaz, H. K. (2023). AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 401-411. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1253060

AMA

1.Ecemiş Yılmaz HK. AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS. İnÜHFD. 2023;14(2):401-411. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1253060

Chicago

Ecemiş Yılmaz, Hatice Kübra. 2023. “AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14 (2): 401-11. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1253060.

EndNote

Ecemiş Yılmaz HK (01 Aralık 2023) AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14 2 401–411.

IEEE

[1]H. K. Ecemiş Yılmaz, “AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS”, İnÜHFD, c. 14, sy 2, ss. 401–411, Ara. 2023, doi: 10.21492/inuhfd.1253060.

ISNAD

Ecemiş Yılmaz, Hatice Kübra. “AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (01 Aralık 2023): 401-411. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1253060.

JAMA

1.Ecemiş Yılmaz HK. AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS. İnÜHFD. 2023;14:401–411.

MLA

Ecemiş Yılmaz, Hatice Kübra. “AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 14, sy 2, Aralık 2023, ss. 401-1, doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1253060.

Vancouver

1.Hatice Kübra Ecemiş Yılmaz. AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS. İnÜHFD. 01 Aralık 2023;14(2):401-1. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1253060

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Keywords

OTONOM SİLAH SİSTEMLERİ VE HAKLI SAVAŞ TEORİSİ: ZORLUKLAR VE ÖNERİLER

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster