Araştırma Makalesi
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DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY

Yıl 2023, , 375 - 386, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1277926

Öz

The management of ethnocultural diversity and design of related identities constitute one of the most fundamental questions of contemporary political science and constitutional law. Many countries in today’s world, albeit in different versions and degrees, are faced with challenges caused by ethnocultural identities that have transformed into political identities. Demands and problems arising in the line of ethnocultural identities occupy the agenda of many developed and developing countries. This article aims to highlight the most realistic and democratic method and strategy for such management and design through researching approaches and methods employed for ethnocultural identities in ethnoculturally deeply divided societies. In this context, following a brief explanation of the concept of a divided society, a macro-political analysis will be used to determine the main approaches and methods. Methods and strategies used by democratic states for ethnocultural diversity will be discussed under two general approaches: Integration, which advocates the policy of single identity in the public sphere, and accommodation, which protects diversity and advocates multiple identity in the public sphere. Following will be an examination as to whether the consociational power-sharing method is best suited as a design for ethnocultural identities in divided societies.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Acknowledgements: I gratefully thank Professor John McGarry for patiently answering my questions and generously sharing his thoughts with me throughout this research.

Kaynakça

  • BARRY, Brian: Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/MA 2001.
  • BRASS, Paul R.: Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Sage Publication, London 1991.
  • CHOUDHRY, Sujit: ‘‘Bridging Comparative Politics and Comparative Constitutional Law: Constitutional Design in Divided Societies’’, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York 2008.
  • COAKLEY, John: ‘‘The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology’’, Int. Political Science Review, 13(4), 1992.
  • ÇELIK, Ayşe Betül: ‘‘Etnik Çatışmaların Çözümünde Siyaset Bilimi ve Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Yaklaşımları’’, in Beriker, Nimet (ed.), Çatışmadan Uzlaşmaya Kuramlar, Süreçler ve Uygulamalar, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • ERIKSEN, Thomas Hylland: Etnisite ve Milliyetçilik: Antropolojik Bir Bakış, Trans. Ekin Uşaklı, Avesta Yayınları, İstanbul 2004.
  • GALTUNG, Johan: “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 1969.
  • GÜLSÜN, Ramazan: “İsviçre Hükümet Sistemi”, International Journal of Legal Progress, 2(2), 2016.
  • HENDERSON, Errol A.: “Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War, 1820-1989”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997.
  • HOROWITZ, Donald L.: “Ethnic Conflict Management for Policymakers”, in Montville, Joseph V. (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, Lexington Books, Lexington 1990.
  • KUPER, Adam: Culture: The Anthropologists’ Account, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/MA 1999.
  • KURUBAŞ, Erol: ‘‘Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki’’, Doğu ve Batı Düşünce Dergisi, (44), 2008.
  • KYMLICKA, Will: Multicultural Odysses: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven 1977.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Majority Rule versus Democracy in Deeply Divided Societies”, Politikon, 4(2), 1977.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Consociation: The Model and its Applications in Divided Societies”, in Rea, Desmond (ed.), Political Co-operation in Divided Societies, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin 1982.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Self- Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems”, in Kymlicka, Will (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy”, in Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Constitutional Design for Divided Societies”, Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 2004.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice, Routledge, London 2008.
  • MCCULLOCH, Allison: Power-Sharing and Political Stability in Deeply Divided Societies, Routledge, London 2014.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan: “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict”, in McGarry John/ O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, Routledge, London 1993.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan: ‘‘Iraq’s Constitution of 2005: Liberal Consociation as Political Prescription’’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5(4), 2007.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan/SIMEON Richard: “Integration or Accommodation? The Enduring Debate in Conflict Regulation”, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York 2008.
  • O’FLYNN, Ian: ‘‘Democratic Theory and Practice in Deeply Divided Societies’’, Representation, 46(3), 2010.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Consociation: Refining the Theory and a Defence”, International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations, 3, 2003.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: ‘‘Debating Consocational Politics: Normative and Explanatory Arguments’’, in Noel, Sid (ed.), From Power-Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal 2005.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places: An Advocate’s Introduction”, in McEvoy, Joanne/O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2013.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Power Sharing: An Advocate’s Conclusion”, in McEvoy, Joanne/O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2013.
  • ÖZBUDUN, Ergun: Anayasalcılık ve Demokrasi, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • SCHWARTZ, Alex: “Patriotism or Integrity? Constitutional Community in Divided Societies”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 31(3), 2011.
  • SISK, Timothy D.: Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflict, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC 1996.
  • SMITH, Anthony D.: Milli Kimlik, Trans. Bahadır Sina Şener, 8. Baskı, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • TAYLOR, Charles: ‘‘Tanınma Politikası’’, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Çokkültürcülük: Tanınma Politikası, Trans. Yurdanur Salman, 3. Baskı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • TAYLOR, Rupert: “Introduction: The Promise of Association Theory”, in Taylor, Rupert (ed.) Consociational Theory: McGarry and O’Leary and Northern Ireland, Routledge, London 209.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, Oxford University Press, New York 2004.
  • WOLFF, Stefan: ‘‘Post-Conflict State Building: The Debate on Institutional Choice’’, Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 2011.
  • WOLFF, Stefan: “Consociationalism: Power-Sharing and Self- Governance”, in Yakinthou, Christalla/Wolff, Stefan (ed.), Conflict Management in Divided Societies: Theories and Practice, Routledge, London 2011.

BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ETNO-KÜLTÜREL KİMLİKLERİN DÜZENLENMESİ VE BİR İMKAN OLARAK ORTAKLIKÇI DEMOKRASİ

Yıl 2023, , 375 - 386, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1277926

Öz

Etno-kültürel çeşitliliğin yönetilmesi ve bu kimliklerin düzenlenmesi, çağdaş siyaset biliminin ve anayasa hukukunun en temel sorunlarından biri haline gelmiş bulunmaktadır. Günümüz dünyasındaki birçok ülke, farklı biçim ve düzeylerde de olsa, politik kimliklere dönüşmüş bulunan etno-kültürel kimlikler ekseninde ortaya çıkan taleplerle ve bu kimliklerin yaratmış olduğu zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu makale, etno-kültürel hatlar üzerinden derin bir biçimde bölünmüş toplumlarda etno-kültürel kimliklerin düzenlenmesine yönelik yaklaşım ve stratejileri araştırarak, bu tür toplumlarda söz konusu kimliklerin düzenlenmesi için en reel ve en demokratik yöntemi tespit etmeyi ve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, öncelikle bölünmüş toplum kavramının çerçevesinin belirlenmesi ve tanımlanmasına yönelik açıklamalar yapıldıktan sonra makro-siyasal bir analizle etno-kültürel kimliklerin yönetilmesine yönelik temel yaklaşım ve yöntemlerin tespiti yapılacaktır. Etno-kültürel çeşitliliğe ve kimliklere yönelik demokratik devletler tarafından kullanılan yöntem ve stratejiler kamusal alanda tek kimliklilik politikasını savunan bütünleştirme ile kamusal alanda çeşitliliği koruyan ve çok kimliklilik politikasını savunan uzlaştırma şeklinde iki genel yaklaşım altında ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra ise, bölünmüş toplumlarda etno-kültürel kimliklerin düzenlenmesi konusunda tespiti yapılan bu yaklaşım ve strateji seçenekleri arasında uzlaşı potansiyeli açısında öne çıkan bir yöntem olarak ortaklıkçı güç paylaşım sistemi analiz edilecektir. Ortaklıkçı güç paylaşım yönteminin bölünmüş toplumlarda etno-kültürel kimliklerin tasarımı için rasyonel ve demokratik olup olmadığına dair bir inceleme yapılacaktır.

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

  • BARRY, Brian: Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/MA 2001.
  • BRASS, Paul R.: Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Sage Publication, London 1991.
  • CHOUDHRY, Sujit: ‘‘Bridging Comparative Politics and Comparative Constitutional Law: Constitutional Design in Divided Societies’’, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York 2008.
  • COAKLEY, John: ‘‘The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology’’, Int. Political Science Review, 13(4), 1992.
  • ÇELIK, Ayşe Betül: ‘‘Etnik Çatışmaların Çözümünde Siyaset Bilimi ve Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Yaklaşımları’’, in Beriker, Nimet (ed.), Çatışmadan Uzlaşmaya Kuramlar, Süreçler ve Uygulamalar, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • ERIKSEN, Thomas Hylland: Etnisite ve Milliyetçilik: Antropolojik Bir Bakış, Trans. Ekin Uşaklı, Avesta Yayınları, İstanbul 2004.
  • GALTUNG, Johan: “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 1969.
  • GÜLSÜN, Ramazan: “İsviçre Hükümet Sistemi”, International Journal of Legal Progress, 2(2), 2016.
  • HENDERSON, Errol A.: “Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War, 1820-1989”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997.
  • HOROWITZ, Donald L.: “Ethnic Conflict Management for Policymakers”, in Montville, Joseph V. (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, Lexington Books, Lexington 1990.
  • KUPER, Adam: Culture: The Anthropologists’ Account, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/MA 1999.
  • KURUBAŞ, Erol: ‘‘Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki’’, Doğu ve Batı Düşünce Dergisi, (44), 2008.
  • KYMLICKA, Will: Multicultural Odysses: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven 1977.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Majority Rule versus Democracy in Deeply Divided Societies”, Politikon, 4(2), 1977.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Consociation: The Model and its Applications in Divided Societies”, in Rea, Desmond (ed.), Political Co-operation in Divided Societies, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin 1982.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Self- Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems”, in Kymlicka, Will (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy”, in Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: “Constitutional Design for Divided Societies”, Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 2004.
  • LIJPHART, Arend: Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice, Routledge, London 2008.
  • MCCULLOCH, Allison: Power-Sharing and Political Stability in Deeply Divided Societies, Routledge, London 2014.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan: “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict”, in McGarry John/ O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, Routledge, London 1993.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan: ‘‘Iraq’s Constitution of 2005: Liberal Consociation as Political Prescription’’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5(4), 2007.
  • MCGARRY, John/O’LEARY Brendan/SIMEON Richard: “Integration or Accommodation? The Enduring Debate in Conflict Regulation”, in Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation?, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York 2008.
  • O’FLYNN, Ian: ‘‘Democratic Theory and Practice in Deeply Divided Societies’’, Representation, 46(3), 2010.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Consociation: Refining the Theory and a Defence”, International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations, 3, 2003.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: ‘‘Debating Consocational Politics: Normative and Explanatory Arguments’’, in Noel, Sid (ed.), From Power-Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal 2005.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places: An Advocate’s Introduction”, in McEvoy, Joanne/O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2013.
  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “Power Sharing: An Advocate’s Conclusion”, in McEvoy, Joanne/O’Leary, Brendan (ed.), Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2013.
  • ÖZBUDUN, Ergun: Anayasalcılık ve Demokrasi, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • SCHWARTZ, Alex: “Patriotism or Integrity? Constitutional Community in Divided Societies”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 31(3), 2011.
  • SISK, Timothy D.: Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflict, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC 1996.
  • SMITH, Anthony D.: Milli Kimlik, Trans. Bahadır Sina Şener, 8. Baskı, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • TAYLOR, Charles: ‘‘Tanınma Politikası’’, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Çokkültürcülük: Tanınma Politikası, Trans. Yurdanur Salman, 3. Baskı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • TAYLOR, Rupert: “Introduction: The Promise of Association Theory”, in Taylor, Rupert (ed.) Consociational Theory: McGarry and O’Leary and Northern Ireland, Routledge, London 209.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, Oxford University Press, New York 2004.
  • WOLFF, Stefan: ‘‘Post-Conflict State Building: The Debate on Institutional Choice’’, Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 2011.
  • WOLFF, Stefan: “Consociationalism: Power-Sharing and Self- Governance”, in Yakinthou, Christalla/Wolff, Stefan (ed.), Conflict Management in Divided Societies: Theories and Practice, Routledge, London 2011.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk, Hukuk, Toplum ve Sosyo-Yasal Araştırma
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Salim Orhan 0000-0001-9604-8700

Proje Numarası Yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2023
Kabul Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Orhan, S. (2023). DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1277926
AMA Orhan S. DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY. İnÜHFD. Aralık 2023;14(2):375-386. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1277926
Chicago Orhan, Salim. “DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 375-86. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1277926.
EndNote Orhan S (01 Aralık 2023) DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14 2 375–386.
IEEE S. Orhan, “DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY”, İnÜHFD, c. 14, sy. 2, ss. 375–386, 2023, doi: 10.21492/inuhfd.1277926.
ISNAD Orhan, Salim. “DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (Aralık 2023), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1277926.
JAMA Orhan S. DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY. İnÜHFD. 2023;14:375–386.
MLA Orhan, Salim. “DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 375-86, doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1277926.
Vancouver Orhan S. DESIGNING ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES AND CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A POSSIBILITY. İnÜHFD. 2023;14(2):375-86.