ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Şahin Eray Kırdım

doi:10.21492/inuhfd.795535

EN TR

INTERNATIONAL LAW IS AT WAR: A STUDY OF THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION’S APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL LAW

Öz

Donald Trump attracted attention with his sensational statements and anti-establishment attitude during his tenure as president of the United States. This anti-establishment attitude was not limited to its own country, but also reached a point where it would wage war on the established practices and rules of international relations and law. Americanism, which comes to life in the slogan of “America First”, has gained a strong ground against multilateralism with the policies of the Trump administration. In this study, the anti-establishment actions of the Trump administration against the international legal system are discussed. In this respect, the study is divided into two main parts. In the first one, it is shown with examples that the Trump administration easily withdrew from international agreements and organizations that apparently did not comply with the interests of the U.S., it mandated arrangements in its favor with the threat of withdrawal, it used its financial contributions to international organizations as a weapon, and it refused international participation and “soft law” tools in any situation which was against its interests. In the second part, it is also shown with examples that the Trump administration either directly violated some of the basic rules of international law or condoned the violation of them and carried out attacks on international institutions at the level of rhetoric and action. Three main claims are made in the study. First, by violating the fundamental principles of international law, the Trump administration has seriously damaged the US’s notions of multilateralism and internationalism. Second, Trump’s approach was based on his own national interests, not the universal rights that form the basis of modern international law. Third, the Trump administration not only violated international law, but weakened it by challenging international legal norms and institutions when U.S. interests demanded so.

Anahtar Kelimeler

US President, Donald Trump, Isolationism, International Law, Human Rights Law

ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Öz

Donald Trump, ABD başkanı olarak görev yaptığı ile günden son güne kadar sansasyonel açıklamaları ve düzen karşıtı tutumu ile dikkat çekmiştir. Bu düzen karşıtı tutum sadece kendi ülkesi ile sınırlı kalmamış, aynı zamanda uluslararası ilişkiler ve hukukun yerleşik pratik ve kurallarına savaş açacak bir noktaya varmıştır. “Önce Amerika” sloganında hayat bulan Amerikanizm, Trump yönetiminin politikaları ile çok taraflılık karşısında güçlü bir zemin kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Trump yönetiminin uluslararası hukuk sistemine yönelik düzen karşıtı eylemleri ele alınmaktadır. Bu itibarla çalışma iki ana bölüme ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Trump yönetiminin ABD’nin menfaatlerine uymayan antlaşmalardan veya örgütlerden rahatlıkla çekilebildiği, çekilme tehdidi ile kendi lehine düzenlemeleri zorunlu kıldığı, bu örgütlere yaptığı finansal katkıları bir silah olarak kullandığı ve uluslararası katılım ve “soft law” araçlarını kendi menfaatine aykırı olan her durumda reddettiği örneklerle gösterilmektedir. İkinci bölümde ise, Trump yönetiminin uluslararası hukukun temel kurallarından bazılarını doğrudan ihlal ettiği, ihlal edilmesine göz yumduğu ve uluslararası kurumlara yönelik söylem ve eylem düzeyinde saldırılar gerçekleştirdiği örneklerle ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada üç temel iddia ileri sürülmektedir. Birincisi, Trump yönetimi, uluslararası hukukun temel ilkelerini ihlal etmekle ABD’nin üzerine kurulu olduğu çok taraflılık ve enternasyonalizm düşüncelerine ciddi şekilde zarar vermiştir. İkincisi, Trump’ın yaklaşımı modern uluslararası hukukun temelini oluşturan evrensel haklara değil, kendi ulusal çıkarlarına dayanmaktadır. Üçüncüsü, Trump yönetimi ABD’nin çıkarları gerektirdiğinde sadece uluslararası hukuku ihlal etmekle kalmayıp, uluslararası hukuka ve kurumlarına meydan okuyarak onu zayıflatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD Başkanı, Donald Trump, İzolasyonizm, Uluslararası Hukuk, İnsan Hakları Hukuku

Kaynakça

“Donald Trump to withdraw US from Arms Trade Treaty”, BBC, 27.04.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48076262 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2020).
“Draft Executive Order - Moratorium on New Treaties, Explanatory Statement”, The Washington Post, https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/world/read-the-trump-administrations-draft-of-the-executive-order-on-treaties/2307/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2020).
“Full text of John Bolton’s speech to the Federalist Society”, Al Jazeera, 10.09.2018, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/full-text-john-bolton-speech-federalist-society-180910172828633.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2020).
“ICC Rejects Request to Investigate War Crimes in Afghanistan”, BBC, 12.04.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47912140 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
“India, China No Longer ‘Developing Nations’, Won’t Let Them Take ‘advantage’ From WTO: Donald Trump”, The Economic Times, 14.10.2019, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-no-longer-developing-nations-wont-let-them-take-advantage-from-wto-donald-trump/articleshow/70673014.cms?from=mdr (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2020).
“International Criminal Court - Article 98 Agreements Research Guide”, Georgetown Law Library, https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=363527&p=2456099 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2020).
“On U.S. Assistance To UNRWA (Press Statement Heather Nauert, Acting Under Secretary For Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs and State Department Spokesperson)”, US Department of State, 31.08.2018, https://www.state.gov/on-u-s-assistance-to-unrwa/ (Erişi Tarihi: 10.07.2020).
“Presidential Message to the Senate of the United States on the Withdrawal of the Arms Trade Treaty”, The White House, 29.05.2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/presidential-message-senate-united-states-withdrawal-arms-trade-treaty/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2020).
“Press briefing note on Egypt, United States and Ethiopia (Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: Ravina Shamdasani)”, OHCHR, 05.06.2018, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23174&LangID=E (Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2020).
“Q&A: Guantanamo Bay, US Detentions, and the Trump Administration”, Human Rights Watch, 27.06.2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/27/qa-guantanamo-bay-us-detentions-and-trump-administration (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020).

“Q&A: Guantanamo Bay, US Detentions, and the Trump Administration”, Human Rights Watch, 27.06.2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/27/qa-guantanamo-bay-us-detentions-and-trump-administration (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020).
“Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, The White House, 08.05.2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-joint-comprehensive-plan-action/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
“Remarks by President Trump on the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement”, The White House, 01.10.2018, whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2020).
“Remarks by President Trump to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly”, The White House, 25.09.2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-73rd-session-united-nations-general-assembly-new-york-ny/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2020).
“Statement from President Donald J. Trump Recognizing Venezuelan National Assembly President Juan Guaido as the Interim President of Venezuela”, The White House, 23.01.2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-recognizing-venezuelan-national-assembly-president-juan-guaido-interim-president-venezuela/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2020).
“Statement from the President”, The White House, 12.04.2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-from-the-president-8/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2020).
“The United States Officially Rejoins the Paris Agreement (Press Statement Antony J. Blinken, Secretary Of State)”, US Department of State, 19.02.2021, https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-officially-rejoins-the-paris-agreement/ (Erişi Tarihi: 06.03.2021).
“The United States Officially Rejoins the Paris Agreement (Press Statement Antony J. Blinken, Secretary Of State)”, US Department of State, 19.02.2021, https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-officially-rejoins-the-paris-agreement/ (Erişi Tarihi: 06.03.2021).
“The United States Withdraws From UNESCO (Press Statement, Heather Nauert, Spokesperson)”, US Department of State, 12.10.2017, https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-withdraws-from-unesco/#:~:text=On%20October%2012%2C%202017%2C%20the,permanent%20observer%20mission%20to%20UNESCO (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
“The United States Withdraws From UNESCO (Press Statement, Heather Nauert, Spokesperson)”, US Department of State, 12.10.2017, https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-withdraws-from-unesco/#:~:text=On%20October%2012%2C%202017%2C%20the,permanent%20observer%20mission%20to%20UNESCO (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
“Trump Administration Ends Participation in Global Compact on Migration, Citing Concerns Regarding U.S. Sovereignty”, American Journal of International Law, 112(2), 2018, s.311-313.
“Trump Administration Ends Participation in Global Compact on Migration, Citing Concerns Regarding U.S. Sovereignty”, American Journal of International Law, 112(2), 2018, s.311-313.
“United States Withdraws from the UN Human Rights Council, Shortly After Receiving Criticism About Its Border Policy”, American Journal of International Law, 112(4), 2018, s.745-751.
“United States Withdraws from the UN Human Rights Council, Shortly After Receiving Criticism About Its Border Policy”, American Journal of International Law, 112(4), 2018, s.745-751.
1969 Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf ((Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2021).
1969 Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf ((Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2021).
American Service-Members’ Protection Act of 2002, Public Law 107-206, 02.10.2002, 2001-2009.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/23425.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2020).
Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, adopted by the International Law Commission on 3 August 2001, ILC Yearbook 2001, vol. II/2.
BARTHOLET, Elizabeth: “Ratification by the United States of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Pros and Cons from a Child’s Rights Perspective”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 633(1), 2010, 80-101.
BELLINGER II, John: “The Trump Administration’s Approach to International Law and Courts: Are We Seeing a Turn for the Worse”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 51, 2019, s.7-28.
BELLINGER II, John: “The Trump Administration’s Approach to International Law and Courts: Are We Seeing a Turn for the Worse”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 51, 2019, s.7-28.
BEEMAN, Rachel: “What are the three characteristics of Trumpism?: A Discourse Analysis of Trump’s Four Major Campaign Speeches”, Political Analysis, 19, 2018, s.4-16.
BEEMAN, Rachel: “What are the three characteristics of Trumpism?: A Discourse Analysis of Trump’s Four Major Campaign Speeches”, Political Analysis, 19, 2018, s.4-16.
BRICE, Makini/WROUGHTON, Lesley: “U.S. Expands Abortion ‘Gag Rule,’ Cuts Funding to Regional Bloc: Pompeo”, Reuters, 26.03.2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-pompeo/us-expands-abortion-gag-rule-cuts-funding-to-regional-bloc-pompeo-idUSKCN1R71LZ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2020). BROWNE, Ryan: “Trump Administration to Cut Its Financial Contribution to NATO”, CNN, 28.11.2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/27/politics/trump-nato-contribution-nato/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
BRICE, Makini/WROUGHTON, Lesley: “U.S. Expands Abortion ‘Gag Rule,’ Cuts Funding to Regional Bloc: Pompeo”, Reuters, 26.03.2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-pompeo/us-expands-abortion-gag-rule-cuts-funding-to-regional-bloc-pompeo-idUSKCN1R71LZ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2020). BROWNE, Ryan: “Trump Administration to Cut Its Financial Contribution to NATO”, CNN, 28.11.2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/27/politics/trump-nato-contribution-nato/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
BURCHILL, Scott: The National Interest in International Relations Theory, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
BURCHILL, Scott: The National Interest in International Relations Theory, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
BYERS, Michael: “Terrorism, The use of Force and International Law After 11 September”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 51(2), 2002, s.401-414.
BYERS, Michael: “Terrorism, The use of Force and International Law After 11 September”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 51(2), 2002, s.401-414.
ÇAĞLI, Pınar: “Evrensel Periyodik Gözden Geçirme Usulü ve Türkiye İncelemesi”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 31(1), 2011, s.153-189.
ÇAĞLI, Pınar: “Evrensel Periyodik Gözden Geçirme Usulü ve Türkiye İncelemesi”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 31(1), 2011, s.153-189.
CAŞIN, Mesut Hakkı: Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukuku, İstanbul, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
CAŞIN, Mesut Hakkı: Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukuku, İstanbul, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
ÇETİN, Şerife: “NATO, ABD’nin Açık Semalar Anlaşması’ndan Çekilme Kararının Ardından Toplanıyor”, Anadolu Ajansı, 22.05.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/nato-abdnin-acik-semalar-anlasmasindan-cekilme-kararinin-ardindan-toplaniyor/1849935 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020).
CHOW, Daniel/SHELDON, Ian/MCGUIRE, William: “How the United States Withdrawal From the Trans-Pacific Partnership Benefits China”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Public Affairs, 4(1), 2018, s.37-80.
CHOW, Daniel/SHELDON, Ian/MCGUIRE, William: “How the United States Withdrawal From the Trans-Pacific Partnership Benefits China”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Public Affairs, 4(1), 2018, s.37-80.
CANTÜRK, Barış Cihan: Uluslararası Hukukta Andlaşmaların Sona Erdirilmesi Kurumunun Bir Dayanağı Olarak “Rebus Sic Stantibus” İlkesi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 2015, s.83-96.
CANTÜRK, Barış Cihan: Uluslararası Hukukta Andlaşmaların Sona Erdirilmesi Kurumunun Bir Dayanağı Olarak “Rebus Sic Stantibus” İlkesi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 2015, s.83-96.
CLARKE, Michael/RICKETTS, Anthony: “Donald Trump and American Foreign Policy: The Return of the Jacksonian Tradition”, Comparative Strategy, 36(4), 2017, s.366-379.
CLARKE, Michael/RICKETTS, Anthony: “Donald Trump and American Foreign Policy: The Return of the Jacksonian Tradition”, Comparative Strategy, 36(4), 2017, s.366-379.
CLEAVER, Martin/TRAN, Mark: “US Dismisses World Court Ruling on Contras”, The Guardian, 28.06.1986, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1986/jun/28/usa.marktran (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2020).
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137.
COOPER, Helene/GIBBONS-NEFF, Thomas/HUBBARD, Ben: U.S., Britain and France Strike Syria Over Suspected Chemical Weapons Attack, The New York Times, 13.04.2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/trump-strikes-syria-attack.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020).
CUMMING-BRUCE, Nick: “U.S. Will Remain in Postal Treaty After Emergency Talks”, The New York Times, 25.10. 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/business/universal-postal-union-withdraw.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2020).
DE LUCE, Dan/WILLIAMS, Abigail: “Trump Admin to Ban Entry of International Criminal Court Investigators”, 15.03.2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-admin-ban-entry-international-criminal-court-investigators-n983766 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, GA Res 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970.
Definition of Aggression, GA Res 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974.
DIPRIZIO, Robert: Armed Humanitarians: U.S. Interventions from Northern Iraq to Kosovo, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002.
DIPRIZIO, Robert: Armed Humanitarians: U.S. Interventions from Northern Iraq to Kosovo, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002.
DONNELLY, Jack: Realism and International Relations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2000.
DONNELLY, Jack: Realism and International Relations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2000.
FORSYTHE, David: “The Politics of Prisoner Abuse: The United States and Enemy Prisoners after 9/11”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011.
FORSYTHE, David: “The Politics of Prisoner Abuse: The United States and Enemy Prisoners after 9/11”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011.
GA Res 73/100, 7 Aralık 2018, UN Doc. A/RES/73/100, 18 Aralık 2018.
GA Res 73/100, 7 Aralık 2018, UN Doc. A/RES/73/100, 18 Aralık 2018.
GA Res 73/151, 17 December 2018, UN Doc. A/RES/73/151, 10 January 2019, para. 23, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/151 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.08.2020).
GILDERHUSI, Mark: “The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36(1), 2006, s.5-16.
GILDERHUSI, Mark: “The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36(1), 2006, s.5-16.
GORDON, Michael/COOPER, Helene/SHEAR, Michael: “Dozens of U.S. Missiles Hit Air Base in Syria, The New York Times, 06.04.2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/world/middleeast/us-said-to-weigh-military-responses-to-syrian-chemical-attack.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2020).
GRAMER, Robbie/DE LUCE, Dan/LYNCH, Colum: “How the Trump Administration Broke the State Department, Foreign Policy”, 31.07.2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/07/31/how-the-trump-administration-broke-the-state-department/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
GUZMAN, Andrew/MEYER, Timothy: “International Soft Law”, Journal of Legal Analysis, 2(1), 2010, s.171–225.
GUZMAN, Andrew/MEYER, Timothy: “International Soft Law”, Journal of Legal Analysis, 2(1), 2010, s.171–225.
HANSLER, Jennifer/ATWOOD, Kylie/GAOUETTE, Nicole , Trump administration freezes foreign aid funds pending review, CNN, 07.08.2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/06/politics/omb-state-department-usaid-letter/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2020).
Helsinki Final Act, adopted on 1 August 1975, 14 International Legal Materials (1975).
ICJ, “Alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Iran v. USA)”, Provisional Measures, 3 October 2018, ICJ Reports 2018, para. 102 (https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/175/175-20200903-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf).
ICJ, “Relocation of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem (Palestine v. USA)”, Application Instituting Proceedings, 28 September 2018 (www.icj-cij.org/files/caserelated/176/176-20180928-APP-01-00-EN.pdf).
ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004.
ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in und against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA), Merits, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1986, 14 at 109, para. 207 (https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf).
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 7 March 1966, 660 UNTS 195.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171.
JANIS, Mark: America and the Law of Nations 1776-1939, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
KELLEY, Judith/PEVEHOUSE, Jon C.W.: “An Opportunity Cost Theory of US Treaty Behavior”, International Studies Quarterly, 59(3), 2015, s.531-543.
KELLEY, Judith/PEVEHOUSE, Jon C.W.: “An Opportunity Cost Theory of US Treaty Behavior”, International Studies Quarterly, 59(3), 2015, s.531-543.
KOH, Harold Hongju: The Trump Administration and International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018.
KUMAR, Akshaya: “The US Is Not Off the Hook with Human Rights even If It Leaves the UN”, Metro News, 23.06.2018, https://metro.co.uk/2018/06/23/the-us-is-not-off-the-hook-with-human-rights-even-if-it-leaves-the-un-7651017/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2020).
LARSON, David: “The Reagan Administration and the Law of the Sea”, Ocean Development and International Law, 11(4), 1982, s.297-320.
LARSON, David: “The Reagan Administration and the Law of the Sea”, Ocean Development and International Law, 11(4), 1982, s.297-320.
LARSON, David: “The Reagan Rejection of the U.N. Convention”, Ocean Development and International Law, 14(4), s.337–361.
LARSON, David: “The Reagan Rejection of the U.N. Convention”, Ocean Development and International Law, 14(4), s.337–361.
LEMAN, Kevin: What Your Childhood Memories Say about You (and What You Can Do about It), Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois, 2006.
LOPEZ, Todd: “U.S. Withdraws From Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty”, US Department of Defense, 02.08.2019, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1924779/us-withdraws-from-intermediate-range-nuclear-forces-treaty/#:~:text=%22Russia%20has%20failed%20to%20comply,Mark%20T (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
MACDONALD, Paul: “America First? Explaining Continuity and Change in Trump’s Foreign Policy”, Political Science Quarterly, 133(3), 2018, s.401-434.
MACDONALD, Paul: “America First? Explaining Continuity and Change in Trump’s Foreign Policy”, Political Science Quarterly, 133(3), 2018, s.401-434.
MALAWER, Stuart: “Reagan’s Law and Foreign Policy, 1981-1987: The Reagan Corollary of International Law” Harvard International Law Journal, 29(1), 1988, p. 85-110.
MELISH, Tara: “From Paradox to Subsidiarity: The United States and Human Rights Treaty Bodies”, The Yale Journal of International Law, 34, 2009, 389-462.
MICKLETHWAIT, John/TALEV, Margaret/JACOBS, Jennifer: “Trump Threatens to Pull U.S. Out of WTO If It Doesn’t ‘Shape Up’”, Bloomberg, 31.08.2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-30/trump-says-he-will-pull-u-s-out-of-wto-if-they-don-t-shape-up (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2020).
MIX, Morning: “Trump Threatens to Permanently Cut WHO Funding, Leave Body If Changes Aren’t Made within 30 Days”, The Washington Post, 19.05.2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/19/who-funding-trump/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020).
MORALES, Christina: “Biden Restores Ties with the World Health Organization that Were Cut by Trump.”, The New York Times, 20.01.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/world/biden-restores-who-ties.html (Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2021).
MORALES, Christina: “Biden Restores Ties with the World Health Organization that Were Cut by Trump.”, The New York Times, 20.01.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/world/biden-restores-who-ties.html (Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2021).
MORAN, Clare Frances: “Crystallising the International Rule of Law: Trump’s Accidental Contribution to International Law”, Washburn Law Journal, 56(3), 2017, s.491-506.
MORAN, Clare Frances: “Crystallising the International Rule of Law: Trump’s Accidental Contribution to International Law”, Washburn Law Journal, 56(3), 2017, s.491-506.
MORGENTHAU, Hans J.: Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 2. Bası., Knopf, New York 1948.
MORGENTHAU, Hans J.: Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 2. Bası., Knopf, New York 1948.
MURPHY, Sean: “The Doctrine of Preemptive Self-Defense”, Villanova Law Review, 50(3), 2005, s.699-748.
MURPHY, Sean: “The Doctrine of Preemptive Self-Defense”, Villanova Law Review, 50(3), 2005, s.699-748.
OLIVARES, Mariela: “The Rise of Zero Tolerance and the Demise of Family”, Georgia State University Law Review, 36(2), 2020, s.287-350.
OLIVARES, Mariela: “The Rise of Zero Tolerance and the Demise of Family”, Georgia State University Law Review, 36(2), 2020, s.287-350.
PAVONE, I. Richard: “The Paris Agreement and the Trump administration: Road to Nowhere?”, Journal of International Studies, 11(1), 2018, p.34-49.
PAVONE, I. Richard: “The Paris Agreement and the Trump administration: Road to Nowhere?”, Journal of International Studies, 11(1), 2018, p.34-49.
PAZARCI, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk, 16. Bası, Ankara, Turhan 2012.
PAZARCI, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk, 16. Bası, Ankara, Turhan 2012.
PERPER, Rosie: “US Ditches the UN’s Human Rights Council and Calls It ‘Hypocritical and Self-Serving’ on Its Way Out the Door”, Business Insider, 20.06.2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/us-withdraws-from-un-human-rights-council-2018-6 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2020).
PILKINGTON, Ed: “US Halts Cooperation with UN on Potential Human Rights Violations”, The Guardian, 04.01.2020, https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jan/04/trump-administration-un-human-rights-violations (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020).
RAMPTON, Roberta/WROUGHTON, Lesley/VAN DEN BERG, Stephanie: “U.S. Withdraws From International Accords, Says U.N. World Court ‘Politicized’”, Reuters, 03.10.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diplomacy-treaty/u-s-withdraws-from-international-accords-says-u-n-world-court-politicized-idUSKCN1MD2CP (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
ROGERS, Katie/MANDAVILLI, Apoorva: “Trump Administration Signals Formal Withdrawal From W.H.O.”, The New York Times, 07.07.2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/07/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-who.html?auth=login-google (Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2020).
ROSSIGNOL, Marie-Jeanne: “Early Isolationism Revisited: Neutrality and Beyond in the 1790s”, Journal of American Studies, 29(2), 1995, s.215-227.
ROSSIGNOL, Marie-Jeanne: “Early Isolationism Revisited: Neutrality and Beyond in the 1790s”, Journal of American Studies, 29(2), 1995, s.215-227.
SAAD, Aaron, “Pathways of Harm: The Consequences of Trump’s Withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement”, Environmental Justice, 11(1), 2018, 47–51.
SAAD, Aaron, “Pathways of Harm: The Consequences of Trump’s Withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement”, Environmental Justice, 11(1), 2018, 47–51.
SC Res 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981, UN Doc. S/RES/497 (1981).
SC Res 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981, UN Doc. S/RES/497 (1981).
SHEAR, Michael/GORDON, Michael: “63 Hours: From Chemical Attack to Trump’s Strike in Syria”, The New York Times, 07.04.2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/syria-strike-trump-timeline.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020).
SIMONS, Marlise/SPECIA, Megan: “U.S. Revokes Visa of I.C.C. Prosecutor Pursuing Afghan War Crimes”, 05.04.2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/world/europe/us-icc-prosecutor-afghanistan.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
Statement from the Press Secretary”, The White House, 17.10.2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-38/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2020).
STOKES, Doug: “Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order”, International Affairs, 94(1), 2018, s.133-150.
STOKES, Doug: “Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order”, International Affairs, 94(1), 2018, s.133-150.
SWANSON, Ana/COCHRANE, Emily: “Trump Signs Trade Deal With Canada and Mexico”, The New York Times, 29.01.2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/economy/usmca-trump.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2020).
The Inaugural Address, The White House, 20.01.2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
TURAK, Natasha: “US Rejects International Court of Justice Ruling on Iran, Continuing Its Isolationist Charge”, CNBC, 05.10.2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/us-rejects-international-court-of-justice-ruling-on-iran-continuing-its-isolationist-charge.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Communication Search, spcommreports.ohchr.org/Tmsearch/TMDocuments (Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020).
VINSON, Liz: “Family Separation Policy Continues Two Years After Trump Administration Claims It Ended”, Southern Poverty Law Center, 18.06.2020, https://www.splcenter.org/news/2020/06/18/family-separation-policy-continues-two-years-after-trump-administration-claims-it-ended (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2020).

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Hukuk

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Şahin Eray Kırdım ^*
0000-0003-4207-6559
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

15 Eylül 2020

Kabul Tarihi

19 Mart 2021

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.795535

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA34DU82NU

APA

Kırdım, Ş. E. (2021). ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.795535

AMA

1.Kırdım ŞE. ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. İnÜHFD. 2021;12(1):148-164. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.795535

Chicago

Kırdım, Şahin Eray. 2021. “ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 (1): 148-64. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.795535.

EndNote

Kırdım ŞE (01 Haziran 2021) ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 1 148–164.

IEEE

[1]Ş. E. Kırdım, “ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”, İnÜHFD, c. 12, sy 1, ss. 148–164, Haz. 2021, doi: 10.21492/inuhfd.795535.

ISNAD

Kırdım, Şahin Eray. “ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (01 Haziran 2021): 148-164. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.795535.

JAMA

1.Kırdım ŞE. ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. İnÜHFD. 2021;12:148–164.

MLA

Kırdım, Şahin Eray. “ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 12, sy 1, Haziran 2021, ss. 148-64, doi:10.21492/inuhfd.795535.

Vancouver

1.Şahin Eray Kırdım. ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. İnÜHFD. 01 Haziran 2021;12(1):148-64. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.795535

Cited By

CUMHURBAŞKANI’NIN YÜRÜRLÜKTE OLAN ULUSLARARASI SÖZLEŞMELER ÜZERİNDEKİ TASARRUF YETKİSİ VE TÜRKİYE’NİN İSTANBUL SÖZLEŞMESİNDEN AYRILMASININ HUKUKİ ANALİZİ

Selcuk Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.929925

INTERNATIONAL LAW IS AT WAR: A STUDY OF THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION’S APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL LAW

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SAVAŞ HALİNDE: TRUMP YÖNETİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

Cited By

CUMHURBAŞKANI’NIN YÜRÜRLÜKTE OLAN ULUSLARARASI SÖZLEŞMELER ÜZERİNDEKİ TASARRUF YETKİSİ VE TÜRKİYE’NİN İSTANBUL SÖZLEŞMESİNDEN AYRILMASININ HUKUKİ ANALİZİ