THIRD WAY APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 258 - 270, 30.06.2021

Hamdi Gökçe Zabunoğlu Esma Yağmur Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.831025

Cited By: 3

Öz

Third World Approaches in International Law (TWAIL) stands out in the critical international legal literature as a political and intellectual movement. As a result of dictating European-based international law rules to non-European nations, these rules become a means for European states to realize their imperialist ideals. TWAIL, which is claimed to represent an effort to understand the history, structure and process of international law in terms of Third World states, draws attention as a political and intellectual movement with many perspectives.Challenging the relationship between the colonialist and the dominant first world and the existing structure of international law is the backbone of TWAIL. According to TWAIL's thought, human rights are not the privilege of a single culture or a person. Therefore, it brings serious criticism to the Eurocentric approach. The objection of TWAIL, which does not oppose the idea of universality, is that this universality is European-centered. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the basic principles by defining TWAIL and it was tried to reconstruct the international human rights law by considering TWAIL principles and the human rights assessment of this approach has been examined and how international human rights law can be reproduced accordingly and three related solutions are listed. These solutions have been identified as increasing the inclusiveness of human rights law, ceasing to act with the logic of power and abandoning top-down approaches in the field of human rights.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Centrism, Imperialism, Human Rights, Third World Approaches to International Law

ULUSLARARASI İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKUNDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DÜNYA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Öz

Uluslararası Hukukta Üçüncü Dünya Yaklaşımları (TWAIL), politik ve entelektüel bir hareket olarak eleştirel uluslararası hukuk literatüründe öne çıkmaktadır. Bu yaklaşıma göre Avrupa merkezli uluslararası hukuk kurallarının Avrupalı olmayan milletlere dikte edilmesi ile bu kurallar, Avrupalı devletlerin emperyalist ideallerini gerçekleştirmelerinin aracı haline gelmektedir. Uluslararası hukukun tarihini, yapısını ve sürecini Üçüncü Dünya devletleri açısından anlama çabasını temsil ettiği ileri sürülen TWAIL, çok sayıda perspektife sahip olan politik ve entelektüel bir hareket olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Sömürgeci ve egemen birinci dünya ile uluslararası hukukun mevcut yapısı arasındaki ilişkiye meydan okumak TWAIL'in belkemiğini oluşturmaktadır. TWAIL düşüncesine göre insan hakları tek bir kültürün ya da insanın ayrıcalığı değildir. Bu nedenle Avrupa merkezci yaklaşıma ciddi eleştiriler getirir. Evrensellik düşüncesine karşı çıkmayan TWAIL’in itirazı, bu evrenselliğin Avrupa merkezli olmasınadır Bu çalışmada, TWAIL’i tanımlayarak onun temel prensiplerini ortaya koymak amacı güdülmüş, uluslararası insan hakları hukuku TWAIL prensipleri dikkate alınarak yeniden kurgulanmaya çalışılmış, yaklaşımın insan haklarını ele alış̧ biçimi ile uluslararası insan hakları hukukun nasıl yeniden üretilebileceği incelenmiş ve birbiriyle ilişkili olan üç çözüm listelenmiştir. Bu çözümlerin insan hakları hukukunun kapsayıcılığının arttırılması, iktidar mantığı ile hareket etmenin dışlanması ve insan hakları alanında tepeden inmeci yaklaşımların değiştirilmesi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Üçüncü Dünya Yaklaşımları, Avrupa Merkezcilik, Emperyalizm, İnsan Hakları

Kaynakça

• ADEDE, Andronico O.: The Minimum Standards in a World of Disparities, in Macdonald Ronald ve Johnston Douglas M. (ed), The Structure and Process of International Law, Springer, 1983.
• ANGHIE, Antony: “The Evolution of International Law: Colonial and Postcolonial Realities”, Third World Quarterly, 27(5).
• ANGHIE, Antony: Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 2004.
• ANGHIE, Antony/CHIMNI, Bhupinder S.: “Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts”. Chinese Journal of International Law, (2), 2003.
• ARAT, Zehra F.: “Promoting Women’s Rights agains Patriarchal Cultural Claims: The Women’s Convention and Reservations by Muslim States”, in Forsyhte David / McMahon Patrice (der), Human Rights and Diversity: Area Studies Revisited, Lincoln:University of Nebraska Pres., 2003.
• BACHAND, Remi: Critical Approaches and the Third World. Towards a Global and Radical Critique of International Law. Speech at University McGill 24.3.2010.
• BADARU, Opeoluwa A.: “Examining the Utility of Third World Approaches to International Law for International Human Rights Law”, International Community Law Review, (10), 2008.
• BEYANI, Chaloka: “The Role of Human Rights Bodies in Protecting Refugees”, Anne F. Bayefsky (der.), Human Rights and Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Migrant Workers. Leiden, Brill., 2006.
• BREMS, Eva: Human Rights: Universality and Diversity, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001.
• CASSESE, Antonio: “The General Assembly Historical Perspective: 1945-1989”, in Altson P. (ed), The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992.
• CHIMNI, Bhupinder S.: International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• CHIMNI, Bhupinder S.: “The Past, Present and Future of International Law: A Critical Third World Approach” Melbourne Journal of International Law, (8), 2007.
• CHIMNI, Bhupinder S.: “Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto”, International Community Law Review , (8), 2006.
• DUQUETTE, David: “Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights”, in Reidy David A./Sellers Mortimer N.S. (ed), Universal Human Rights: Moral Order in a Divided World, Oxford, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
• ELIAS, Taslim O.: Africa and Development of International Law, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1988.
• ESCOBAR, Arturo: Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Redes, Duke and London, Duke University Press, 2008.
• FIDLER, David P.: “Revolt Against or From Within the West?: TWAIL, the Developing World, and the Future Direction of International Law”, Articles by Maurer Faculty Paper 2126, 2003.
• FITZPATRICK, Peter/DARIAN-SMITH, Eve: Laws of the Postcolonial, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1999.
• FORSTER, Thomas: “International Humanitarian Law's Old Questions and New Perspectives: On What Law Has Got to Do With Armed Conflict”, International Review of the Red Cross, 98(3), 2016.
• GALINDO, George R. B.: “Splitting TWAIL”, Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 33(3), 2016.
• GATHII, James T.: “TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network, and a Tentative Bibliography”. Trade Law and Development, 3(1), 2011.
• GLENN, H. Patrick: Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law, 2. Baskı, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
• HENKIN, Louis: The Age of Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1990.
• HIGGINS, Rosalyn: “Ten Years on the UN Human Rights. Committee: Some Thoughts”, European Human Rights Law Review, (6), 1996.
• IBHAWOH, Bonny: “Inclusion versus Exclusion”, in Mihr Anja/Gibney Mark (ed), The SAGE Handbook of Human Rights: Two Volume Set. London, SAGE Publications., 2014.
• KHOSLA, Madhav: “The TWAIL Discourse: The Emergence of a New Phase”, International Community Law Review, (9), 2007.
• KINSELLA, Helen M.: The Image Before the Weapon: A Critical History of the Distinction, New York, Cornell University Press, 2011.
• LENZERINI, Federico: “The African System for the Protection of Human and People's Rights: Pan-Africanism, Solidarity and Rights”, in Maluwa Tiyanjana (ed), Law, Politics and Rights: Essays in Memory of Kader Asmal, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014.
• MACCORMICK, Neil: Institutions of Law: An Essay in Legal Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.
• MICKELSON, Karin: “Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse”, Wisconsin International Law Journal, 16(2), 1998.
• MUTUA, Makau: “Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights”, Harward International Law Journal, 42(1), 2001.
• MUTUA, Makau: “The Banjul Charter and the African Cultural Fingerprint: An Evaluation of the Language of Duties”, Virginia Journal Of International Law, 35, 1995.
• MUTUA, Makau: “The Banjul Charter: The Case for an African Cultural Fingerprint”, Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in Africa. London/New York, Zed Books, 2002.
• MUTUA, Makau: “The Ideology of Human Rights”, Virginia Journal of International Law, (36), 1996.
• MUTUA, Makau/ANGHIE, Antony: “Proceedings of the Annual Meeting”, American Society of International Law, 94, 2000.
• MUTUA, Makau/ANGHIE, Antony: “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of International Law, (94), 2000.
• NADER, Laura: “A User Theory of Law”, Southwestern Law Jo., Sayı 38, 1984, s. 951; B. Tamanaha, A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001.
• NURMAYANI, Dewi: What are Human Rights? (7 Mart 2013), https://www.globalethicsnetwork.org/profiles/blogs/what-are-human-rights, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mart 2020)
• OKAFOR, Obiora C.: “Critical Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL): Theory, Methodology, or Both?”, International Community Law Review, (10), 2008.
• OKAFOR, Obiora C.: “International Human Rights Fact-finding Praxis in its Living Forms: A TWAIL Perspective”, The Transnational Human Rights Review, (1), 2014.
• OKAFOR, Obiora C.: “Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in Our Time: A TWAIL Perspective”, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 43(1-2), 2005.
• OKAFOR, Obiora C./AGBAKWA, Shedrack C.: “Re-Imagining International Human Rights Education in Our Time: Beyond Three Constitutive Orthodoxies”, Leiden Journal of International Law, 14(3), 2001.
• ÖZDEMİR, Ali M./UĞURLU, Göksu/AYKUT, Ebubekir: “Üçüncü Dünyacılık Küreselleşirken?: Uluslararası Düzenlemenin Değişen Eleştirisi,” Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 2012.
• RAJAGOPAL, Balakrishnan: “Locating the Third World in Cultural Geography”, Third World Legal Studies, 15(2), 1999.
• RAJAGOPAL, Brian: International Law from Below: Developing Social Movements and Third World Resistance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• ROSS, Susan D.: Women’s Human Rights: The International and Comparative Law Casebook, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, s.xxix; MERRY Sally E., Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2006.
• SAYGILI, Abdurrahman: İnsan Haklarının Evrenselliği Masalı: Bir Omfalos Olarak Avrupa, İmaj, 2018.
• SIMPSON, Alfred W. Brian: Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention, New York, Oxford University Press, 2001.
• SMITH, Jackie/PAGNUCCO, Ron/LOPEZ, George A.: “Globalizing Human Rights: The Work of Transnational Human Rights NGOs in the 1990s”, Human Rights Quarterly, 20(2), 1998.
• SUNTER, Andrew F.: “Twail as naturalized epistemological inquiry”, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 20(2), 2007.
• VERZIJ, Jan H. W.: International Law in Historical Perspective, Volume 1. Leiden, AW Sijthof, 1968.
• ZABUNOĞLU, H. Gökçe: “Kültürel Görecelik ve İnsan Haklarının Evrenselliği”, Zabunoğlu Armağanı, Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011.