A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT IN LIGHT OF THE EXAMPLES IN THE WORLD

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 115 - 132, 30.06.2021

Talat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.840448

Öz

The concept of citizenship by investment can be defined as the citizenship granted by the invested state in return for direct or indirect investment or donation made by the foreigner in the country. The traditional practice of granting citizenship by investment seeks investors having certain qualifications such as entrepreneurship and employment creation, in addition to the investment they brought to the country. In the last 30 years, however, the practices of granting citizenship by investment have developed within the framework of investor programs disregarding the qualifications of the investor but prioritizing economic contribution. Investor programs, initially conducted by small island states in the Caribbean region, have over the time applied in a wide range of geographic areas including the United States, some of the EU countries and Turkey. However, these programs have sparked serious criticism nationally and internationally, under the headings of security, tax, voting rights, military service obligation and economic benefit. The main bases of these criticisms are, though, the commodification of citizenship and the granting of citizenship without establishing a genuine link.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Citizenship by Investment, Investor Program, Citizenship Bond

DÜNYADAKİ ÖRNEKLER IŞIĞINDA YATIRIM YOLUYLA VATANDAŞLIK UYGULAMASINA ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık kavramı yabancı kişinin ülkeye yaptığı doğrudan veya dolaylı yatırım veyahut bağış karşılığında, yatırım yapılan devlet tarafından verilen vatandaşlık olarak tanımlanabilir. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi konusunda geleneksel uygulama, ülkeye belli bir yatırım getirilmesine ilave olarak, yatırım yapan kişinin girişimcilik ve istihdam oluşturma gibi belli vasıflara haiz olmasını aramaktadır. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi uygulamaları son 30 yılda ise yatırımcının vasfını göz ardı eden, buna mukabil getirilen ekonomik katkıyı ön planda tutan yatırımcı programları çerçevesinde gelişmiştir. Başlangıçta Karayip bölgesinde yer alan küçük ada devletlerince yürütülen yatırımcı programları zamanla ABD, bazı AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere geniş bir coğrafyada uygulanır hale gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, getirilen ekonomik katkının tek kriter olarak arandığı programlar, güvenlik, vergi, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, askerlik yükümlülüğü ve ekonomik fayda başlıkları altında ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde ciddi eleştirilerin gündeme gelmesine neden olmuştur. Söz konusu eleştirilerin temelinde ise vatandaşlığın metalaştırılması ve aidiyet bağı tesis edilmeden vatandaşlığın verilmesi yatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yatırım Yoluyla Vatandaşlık, Yatırımcı Programı, Vatandaşlık Bağı

Kaynakça

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