Araştırma Makalesi
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ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA EKOKIRIM KAVRAMININ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA TEHLİKE ALTINDAKİ TÜRLERİ KORUMAK İÇİN POTANSİYEL HUKUKİ BİR ARAÇ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 350 - 357
https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1532651

Öz

Bu çalışma, günümüz dünyasında biyolojik çeşitlilik krizine neden olan iklim değişikliği bağlamında, uluslararası hukukta ekokırım suçunu düzenleyen bir yasal çerçevenin oluşturulması gereğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma temel olarak, ekokırım suçunu kapsayacak unsurları içerecek bir tanımın uluslararası düzeyde benimsenmesi gerektiğini savunmaktır. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmada, Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Roma Statüsü gibi mevcut uluslararası hukuk araçları değerlendirilmiş olup, bu araçların çevresel zararları yeterince ele alma konusundaki sınırları mercek altına alınmaktadır. Ekokırımın uluslararası hukukta suç boyutuyla ele alınması, özellikle insan aktiviteleri kaynaklı iklim değişikliği karşısında varoluşsal bir tehlike ile karşı karşıya kalan nesli tükenme tehdidi altındaki türler başta olmak üzere biyolojik çeşitliliğin unsurlarının korunması açısından çok önemli bir işleve sahiptir. Ekokırımın tanımlanması için uluslararası bir çabanın gerekliliği açıktır. Çevrenin haklarını tanıyan yeni bir Jus Cogens kuralının benimsenmesi, doğanın yasal korumasını sağlayacak ve küresel ölçekte sürdürülebilir uygulamaları güçlendirecektir. Bunun gerçekleşebilmesi için çevre hakkını ve daha da genel olarak gezegenin hukuki kişiliğini ve haklarını merkezine alan, ekosentrik bir yaklaşımın benimsenmesi gerektiği konusunda şüphe bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • BATUR YAMANER, Melike/ÖKTEM, Emre/KURTDARCAN, Bleda/UZUN, Mehmet: 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, International Committee of the Red Cross and Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Publishing, 2009.
  • BELLARD, Céline/MARINO, Clara/COURCHAMP, Franck: “Ranking Threats to Biodiversity and Why It Doesn’t Matter”, Nature Communications, 13(1), 2022, p.2616-2620.
  • BOZKURT, Kutluhan: “Uluslararası Hukuk ve Ekokırım Suçlar Ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 2023, p.209-228.
  • BOZKURT, Kutluhan: “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında İklim Aktivizmi”, in Tahmazoğlu Üzeltürk, Sultan/Bozkurt, Kutluhan/Kulaç, Duygu (ed.), İklim Krizi ve Hukuk, Legal Yayınevi, İstanbul 2022, p.167-185. Chatham House: "Threats to Biodiversity", https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/04/threats-biodiversityhatham, (Access: 04.09.2024).
  • CONNELL, Joseph: “Diversity in Tropical Rain Forest and Coral Reefs”, New Series, 199(4335), 1978, p.1302-1310.
  • EKARDT, Felix/GÜNTHER, Philipp/HAGEMANN, Katharina/GARSKE, Beatrice/HEYL, Katharine/WEYLAND, Raphael: “Legally binding and Ambitious Biodiversity Protection Under the CBD, the Global Biodiversity Framework, and Human Rights Law”, Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 2023, p.80-106.
  • Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law Blog: "The Endangered Species Act’s Next 50 Years: Updating the Nation’s Hallmark Species Protection Law for an Era of Climate Change", https://law.lclark.edu/live/blogs/239-the-endangered-species-acts-next-50-years-updating, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • European Law Institute: “ELI Report on Ecocide: Model Rules for an EU Directive and a Council Decision”, https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu, (Access: 08.08.2024).
  • Forbes: “Ecocide: Criminalizing Climate Change”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmcgowan/2023/04/26/ecocide-criminalizing-climate-change, (Access: 08.08.2024).
  • GEORGIEVA MINKOVA, Liana: “Ecocide, Sustainable Development and Critical Environmental Law Insights”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 22(1), 2024, p.81-97.
  • HAMILTON, Rebecca J.: “Criminalizing Ecocide”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 38(1) (Forthcoming), 2025, p.2-51.
  • HIGGINS, Polly/SHORT, Damien/SOUTH, Nigel: “Protecting the Planet: A Proposal for a Law of Ecocide Special Issue: Green Criminology”, Crime Law and Social Change, 59(3), 2013, p.251-266.
  • Human Rights Watch: “UN General Assembly Seeks World Court Ruling on Climate Change”, https://www.hrw.org, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • IPCC: “Climate Change Widespread, Rapid, and Intensifying”, http://tiny.cc/i23hzz, (Access: 10.08.2024).
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim/YANCI ÖZALP, Nihan: Çevre Hakkı, 1. Bası, Tekin Yayınları, 2021.
  • ÖZENBAŞ, Nazmiye: “Çevrenin Ceza Hukuku Yoluyla Korunması Kapsamında Çevrenin Kirletilmesi Suçları”, International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 2013, p.924-931.
  • SANDS, Philippe/PEEL, Jacqueline: Principles of International Environmental Law, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, p.384-388.
  • SILVA, João Pedro: LIFE & Wildlife Crime, European Commission, 2018.
  • Stop Ecocide International: “France Writes Ecocide into Law, in 2 Ways”, https://www.stopecocide.earth/press-releases-summary/france-writes-ecocide-into-law-in-two-ways, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • THOMAS, Chris/CAMERON, Alison/GREEN, Rhys/BAKKENES, Michel/BEAUMONT, Linda/COLLINGHAM, Yvonne/ERASMUS, Barend/FERRERIA DE SIQUEIRA, Marinez/GRAINGER, Alan/HANNAH, Lee/HUGHES, Lesley/HUNTLEY, Brian/VAN JAARSVELD, Albert/MIDGLEY, Guy/MILES, Lera/ORTEGA-HUERTA, Miguel/PETERSON, A. Townsend/PHILLIPS, Oliver/WILLIAMS, Stephen: “Extinction Risk from Climate Change”, Nature, 427(6970), 2004, p.145-148.
  • THOMSEN, Mads/MONDARDINI, Luca/THORAL, François/GERBER, Derek/MONTIE, Shinae/SOUTH, Paul M./TAIT, Leigh/ORCHARD, Shane/ALESTRA, Tommaso/SCHIEL, David: “Cascading Impacts of Earthquakes and Extreme Heatwaves Have Destroyed Populations of an Iconic Marine Foundation Species”, Diversity and Distributions, 27(12), 2021, p.2369-2383.

ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 350 - 357
https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1532651

Öz

This article highlights the need to formalize a legal framework regulating the ecocide crime in international law, within the context of climate change that causes a biological diversity crisis in today’s world. Accordingly, this study’s main argument is to advocate for a definition to be adopted at international level, which will encompass elements of the ecocide crime. The study evaluates existing international legal instruments as the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute, highlighting their limitations in adequately addressing environmental harm. Elaborating ecocide with its criminal dimension in international law has a very crucial function for the protection of the elements of biological diversity, particularly, the endangered species which are currently facing with an existential danger in the face of human-induced climate change. The necessity of an international effort to define ecocide is clear. Adoption of a new Jus Cogens rule recognizing the rights of the environment will ensure the legal protection of nature and reinforce sustainable practices on a global scale. There is no doubt that for this to happen, an ecocentric approach that centers on the right to the environment and, more broadly, the legal personality and rights of the planet must be adopted.

Kaynakça

  • BATUR YAMANER, Melike/ÖKTEM, Emre/KURTDARCAN, Bleda/UZUN, Mehmet: 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, International Committee of the Red Cross and Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Publishing, 2009.
  • BELLARD, Céline/MARINO, Clara/COURCHAMP, Franck: “Ranking Threats to Biodiversity and Why It Doesn’t Matter”, Nature Communications, 13(1), 2022, p.2616-2620.
  • BOZKURT, Kutluhan: “Uluslararası Hukuk ve Ekokırım Suçlar Ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 2023, p.209-228.
  • BOZKURT, Kutluhan: “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında İklim Aktivizmi”, in Tahmazoğlu Üzeltürk, Sultan/Bozkurt, Kutluhan/Kulaç, Duygu (ed.), İklim Krizi ve Hukuk, Legal Yayınevi, İstanbul 2022, p.167-185. Chatham House: "Threats to Biodiversity", https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/04/threats-biodiversityhatham, (Access: 04.09.2024).
  • CONNELL, Joseph: “Diversity in Tropical Rain Forest and Coral Reefs”, New Series, 199(4335), 1978, p.1302-1310.
  • EKARDT, Felix/GÜNTHER, Philipp/HAGEMANN, Katharina/GARSKE, Beatrice/HEYL, Katharine/WEYLAND, Raphael: “Legally binding and Ambitious Biodiversity Protection Under the CBD, the Global Biodiversity Framework, and Human Rights Law”, Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 2023, p.80-106.
  • Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law Blog: "The Endangered Species Act’s Next 50 Years: Updating the Nation’s Hallmark Species Protection Law for an Era of Climate Change", https://law.lclark.edu/live/blogs/239-the-endangered-species-acts-next-50-years-updating, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • European Law Institute: “ELI Report on Ecocide: Model Rules for an EU Directive and a Council Decision”, https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu, (Access: 08.08.2024).
  • Forbes: “Ecocide: Criminalizing Climate Change”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmcgowan/2023/04/26/ecocide-criminalizing-climate-change, (Access: 08.08.2024).
  • GEORGIEVA MINKOVA, Liana: “Ecocide, Sustainable Development and Critical Environmental Law Insights”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 22(1), 2024, p.81-97.
  • HAMILTON, Rebecca J.: “Criminalizing Ecocide”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 38(1) (Forthcoming), 2025, p.2-51.
  • HIGGINS, Polly/SHORT, Damien/SOUTH, Nigel: “Protecting the Planet: A Proposal for a Law of Ecocide Special Issue: Green Criminology”, Crime Law and Social Change, 59(3), 2013, p.251-266.
  • Human Rights Watch: “UN General Assembly Seeks World Court Ruling on Climate Change”, https://www.hrw.org, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • IPCC: “Climate Change Widespread, Rapid, and Intensifying”, http://tiny.cc/i23hzz, (Access: 10.08.2024).
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim/YANCI ÖZALP, Nihan: Çevre Hakkı, 1. Bası, Tekin Yayınları, 2021.
  • ÖZENBAŞ, Nazmiye: “Çevrenin Ceza Hukuku Yoluyla Korunması Kapsamında Çevrenin Kirletilmesi Suçları”, International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 2013, p.924-931.
  • SANDS, Philippe/PEEL, Jacqueline: Principles of International Environmental Law, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, p.384-388.
  • SILVA, João Pedro: LIFE & Wildlife Crime, European Commission, 2018.
  • Stop Ecocide International: “France Writes Ecocide into Law, in 2 Ways”, https://www.stopecocide.earth/press-releases-summary/france-writes-ecocide-into-law-in-two-ways, (Access: 09.08.2024).
  • THOMAS, Chris/CAMERON, Alison/GREEN, Rhys/BAKKENES, Michel/BEAUMONT, Linda/COLLINGHAM, Yvonne/ERASMUS, Barend/FERRERIA DE SIQUEIRA, Marinez/GRAINGER, Alan/HANNAH, Lee/HUGHES, Lesley/HUNTLEY, Brian/VAN JAARSVELD, Albert/MIDGLEY, Guy/MILES, Lera/ORTEGA-HUERTA, Miguel/PETERSON, A. Townsend/PHILLIPS, Oliver/WILLIAMS, Stephen: “Extinction Risk from Climate Change”, Nature, 427(6970), 2004, p.145-148.
  • THOMSEN, Mads/MONDARDINI, Luca/THORAL, François/GERBER, Derek/MONTIE, Shinae/SOUTH, Paul M./TAIT, Leigh/ORCHARD, Shane/ALESTRA, Tommaso/SCHIEL, David: “Cascading Impacts of Earthquakes and Extreme Heatwaves Have Destroyed Populations of an Iconic Marine Foundation Species”, Diversity and Distributions, 27(12), 2021, p.2369-2383.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yurtiçi İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Kamu Hukuku (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kutluhan Bozkurt 0000-0001-7489-9029

Elif Naz Nemec 0000-0002-5247-1328

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozkurt, K., & Nemec, E. N. (2024). ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 350-357. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1532651
AMA Bozkurt K, Nemec EN. ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE. İnÜHFD. Kasım 2024;15(2):350-357. doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1532651
Chicago Bozkurt, Kutluhan, ve Elif Naz Nemec. “ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15, sy. 2 (Kasım 2024): 350-57. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1532651.
EndNote Bozkurt K, Nemec EN (01 Kasım 2024) ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15 2 350–357.
IEEE K. Bozkurt ve E. N. Nemec, “ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE”, İnÜHFD, c. 15, sy. 2, ss. 350–357, 2024, doi: 10.21492/inuhfd.1532651.
ISNAD Bozkurt, Kutluhan - Nemec, Elif Naz. “ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15/2 (Kasım 2024), 350-357. https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1532651.
JAMA Bozkurt K, Nemec EN. ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE. İnÜHFD. 2024;15:350–357.
MLA Bozkurt, Kutluhan ve Elif Naz Nemec. “ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 350-7, doi:10.21492/inuhfd.1532651.
Vancouver Bozkurt K, Nemec EN. ADVANCING ECOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A POTENTIAL LEGAL TOOL FOR SAFEGUARDING ENDANGERED SPECIES AMIDST CLIMATE CHANGE. İnÜHFD. 2024;15(2):350-7.