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Iran’s Security Dilemma in The Middle East: A Neorealist Approach to Iran’s Foreign Policy in Syria

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 115 - 139, 30.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.375292

Öz

Iran’s foreign policy in the Middle
East has often been analyzed through the lenses of religion which seen as an
inseparable component of state identity of Iran. Iran’s foreign policy actions in
the region have often been interpreted as suspicious as well as posing
ideological and sectarian threat by the other Middle East countries that have
Shia minorities/majorities in their territories. At that point, Syria war
constitutes a relevant example to analyze the determinants of Iran’s foreign
policy in the Middle East. This study attempts at applying neorealism to
analyze the motivations of Iran’s foreign policy in the Middle East. It argues
that Iran’s foreign policy in Syria needs to be seen beyond the discourse of
proxy war; rather it aims at securing Iran’s regional power bases as well as
projecting Iranian power to Syria and across the region.

Kaynakça

  • Bargezar, Kayhan. “Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Iraq and Syria.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 6(2009): 1-8. Byman, Daniel. “Sectarianism Afflicts the New Middle East.” Survival 56(2014): 79-100. Dagher, Sam, “Iran Nuclear Deal Gives Syria’s Bashar al-Assad Reason to Worry.” The Wall Street Journal. April 8, 2015. Accessed May 16, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-nuclear-agreement-gives-assad-a-reason-to-worry-1428528907. Fitch, Asa and Aresu Eqbali. “Iran’s Khamenei Warns Countries against Dictating Syria’s Political Future.” The Wall Street Journal. November 1, 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/irans-khamenei-warns-countries-against-dictating-syrias-political-future-1446388677. Gause III, F. Gregory. “Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War.” (Panel Discussion, The Brookings Institute, Doha, October 21, 2014). Goodarzi, Jubin. “Iran and Syria.” United States Institute for Peace: The Iran Primer. August 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/iran-and-syria. Hannan, Michael Wahid and Dalia Dassa Kaye. “The Limits of Iranian Power.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 57(2015): 173-198. “Hegemonic Powers behind Labelling Hezbollah Body: Iran.” Press Tv. March 12, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016, http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/03/12/455308/Iran-Lebanon-Syria-Hezbollah-Velayati/. Jervis, Robert. “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30(1978): 167-214. Gedikli, Gursel Firat, “Iranian Foreign Policy in the 2000s: A Neo-Realist Perspective.” Master Thesis, The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2014. Herz, John H. “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 2(1950): 157-180. Hokayem, Emile. “Iran, the Gulf States and the Syrian Civil War.” Survival 56(2014): 59-86. “Iran's Rouhani vows to back Syria 'until the end of the road'.” Reuters. June 2, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-iran-idUSKBN0OI0UF20150602. “Iran nuclear crisis: Can talks succeed?” BBC News. November 25, 2014. Accessed May 10, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11709428. Katzman, Kenneth. “Iran’s Foreign Policy.” Congressional Research Service (2016): 1-40. Khaldoun, Khashanah. “The Syrian Crisis: A Systematic Framework.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 7(2014): 1-21. “Larjani: Iran to Stand by Syria in Anti-Terror Campaign.” Iran Daily. March 16, 2016. Accessed March 25, 2016, http://www.iran-daily.com/News/138280.html. Lund, Aron, “What Does the Iran Deal Mean for Syria?” Carnegie Empowerment for International Peace. July 14, 2015. Accessed April 15, http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=60707. Maltzahn, Nadia von. The Syria-Iran Axis: Cultural Diplomacy and International Relations in the Middle East. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2015. Mearsheimer, John J. and Stephen M. Walt. “An Unnecessary War.” Foreign Policy (January/February, 2003). Accessed March 20, 2016, http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0032.pdf. Mcinnis, J. Matthews. “What Iran Expects to Gain from the Syrian Civil War.” Newsweek (November 14, 2015). Monier, Elizabeth. “Egypt, Iran, and the Hizbullah Cell: Using Sectarianism to "De-Arabize" and Regionalize Threats to National Interests.” The Middle East Journal (Summer, 2015): 421-434. “Nuclear Iran 1,000 times more dangerous than ISIS – Netanyahu.” Reuters. May 27, 2015. Accessed May 10, 2016, https://www.rt.com/news/262309-netanyahu-isis-iran-nuclear/. “Nuclear Iran 1,000 times more dangerous than ISIS – Netanyahu.” Reuters. May 27, 2015. Accessed April 10, 2016, https://www.rt.com/news/262309-netanyahu-isis-iran-nuclear/. Peters, Ralp. “The Syria War Just Taught Putin to Worry about Iran.” New York Post, March 15, 2016. Accessed March 20, 2016, http://nypost.com/2016/03/15/the-syrian-war-just-taught-putin-to-worry-about-iran/. Phillips, Christopher. “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria.” Third World Quarterly 36(2015): 357-376. Rafizadeh, Majid. “How has Iran’s role in the five-year Syria conflict evolved?” Al Arabiya English. March 20, 2016. Accessed April 2, 2016, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/20/How-has-Iran-s-role-evolved-in-the-five-year-Syria-conflict-.html. Rawnsley, Adam. “Inside Iran’s Secret War.” The Daily Beast. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/13/inside-iran-s-secret-war-in-syria.html. Russett, Bruce. “Liberalism.” In Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki & Steve Smith (Ed.), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 96-115). UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Saudi-Iranian Tension: Roots and Implications for the Gulf.” Assessment Report, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (January 21, 2016). “Saudi Dictated by Zionists to Insist on Assad’s Removal.” Mehr News Agency. March 15, 2016. Accessed March 21, 2016, http://en.mehrnews.com/news/115238/Saudi-dictated-by-Zionists-to-insist-on-Assad-s-removal. Schroeder, Paul. “Historical Reality vs. Neo-Realist Theory.” International Security 19(1994): 108-148. Shanahan, Rodger. “Iranian Foreign Policy under Rouhani.” Analysis: Lowy Institute for International Policy (February 2015): 1-15. Shaheen, Kareem, “Syrian rebels decry Iran's nuclear deal with the west.” The Guardian. July 16, 2015. Accessed May 15, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/16/syrian-rebels-decry-irans-nuclear-deal-with-the-west. “Syria, Turkey and Iran: Regional Dynamics of the Syrian Conflict.” Chantam House Meeting Summary (December, 2012). Takeyh, Ray. Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of Ayatollahs. UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Taylor, Paul. “Exclusive: Saudi-Iranian proxy war over Syria spreads to Davos.” Reuters. January 23, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-davos-exclusive-idUSKCN0V10BO. Tazmini, Ghoncheh. Khatami’s Iran: The Islamic Republic and the Turbulent Path to Reform. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013. Thornton, Rod. “Russia and Iran in Syria: An Alliance or Competition.” Case Analysis, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (November 19, 2015): 1-11. Tisdall, Simon. “Iran Calls for Concerted International Effort to Beat ISIS and End Syrian War.” The Guardian. December 18, 2015. Accessed March 14, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/18/iran-mohammad-zarif-concerted-international-effort-beat-isis-end-syrian-war. Waltz, Kenneth. “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory.” Journal of International Affairs 44(1990): 21-37. “Zarif: No Islands of Security Anymore.” Kayhan News. March 11, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2016, http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/03/12/455308/Iran-Lebanon-Syria-Hezbollah-Velayati/.
  • Zarif, Javad, “Speech at the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs.” February 16, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFE8RmPrxq4.
  • Zweiri, Mahjoob. “Revolutionary Iran and Arab Revolts: Observations on Iranian Foreign Policy and Its Approaches.” Case Analysis, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (September 2012): 1-16.
  • Interviews Amin Tarzi, phone interview by Hazal Muslu, May 10, 2016.
  • Nader Habibi, skype interview by Hazal Muslu, May 10, 2016.

İran’ın Ortadoğu Güvenlik İkilemi: Yeni Gerçekçilik Kuramına Göre İran’ın Suriye Dış Politikası

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 115 - 139, 30.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.375292

Öz

İran’ın Ortadoğu dış politikası genellikle İran’ın devlet kimliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak görülen din anlayışı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İran’ın dış politika kararları ve eylemlerine, sınırlarında Şii nüfus - azınlık veya çoğunluk- barındıran Ortadoğu devletleri tarafından şüpheli yaklaşılmış, hatta bölge için ideolojik ve mezhepsel tehlike olarak yorumlanmıştır. Bu anlamda Suriye savaşı, İran Ortadoğu dış politikasının belirleyici unsurlarını analiz edebilmemiz için önemli bir örnektir. Bu çalışma, İran’ın Suriye dış politikasının belirleyici motivasyonlarını yeni gerçekçilik yaklaşımıyla anlamaya çalışıp, mezhepsel gerilimlerin mi yoksa jeopolitik hesaplamaların mı belirleyici olduğunu tartışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bargezar, Kayhan. “Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Iraq and Syria.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 6(2009): 1-8. Byman, Daniel. “Sectarianism Afflicts the New Middle East.” Survival 56(2014): 79-100. Dagher, Sam, “Iran Nuclear Deal Gives Syria’s Bashar al-Assad Reason to Worry.” The Wall Street Journal. April 8, 2015. Accessed May 16, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-nuclear-agreement-gives-assad-a-reason-to-worry-1428528907. Fitch, Asa and Aresu Eqbali. “Iran’s Khamenei Warns Countries against Dictating Syria’s Political Future.” The Wall Street Journal. November 1, 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/irans-khamenei-warns-countries-against-dictating-syrias-political-future-1446388677. Gause III, F. Gregory. “Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War.” (Panel Discussion, The Brookings Institute, Doha, October 21, 2014). Goodarzi, Jubin. “Iran and Syria.” United States Institute for Peace: The Iran Primer. August 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/iran-and-syria. Hannan, Michael Wahid and Dalia Dassa Kaye. “The Limits of Iranian Power.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 57(2015): 173-198. “Hegemonic Powers behind Labelling Hezbollah Body: Iran.” Press Tv. March 12, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016, http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/03/12/455308/Iran-Lebanon-Syria-Hezbollah-Velayati/. Jervis, Robert. “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30(1978): 167-214. Gedikli, Gursel Firat, “Iranian Foreign Policy in the 2000s: A Neo-Realist Perspective.” Master Thesis, The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2014. Herz, John H. “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 2(1950): 157-180. Hokayem, Emile. “Iran, the Gulf States and the Syrian Civil War.” Survival 56(2014): 59-86. “Iran's Rouhani vows to back Syria 'until the end of the road'.” Reuters. June 2, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-iran-idUSKBN0OI0UF20150602. “Iran nuclear crisis: Can talks succeed?” BBC News. November 25, 2014. Accessed May 10, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11709428. Katzman, Kenneth. “Iran’s Foreign Policy.” Congressional Research Service (2016): 1-40. Khaldoun, Khashanah. “The Syrian Crisis: A Systematic Framework.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 7(2014): 1-21. “Larjani: Iran to Stand by Syria in Anti-Terror Campaign.” Iran Daily. March 16, 2016. Accessed March 25, 2016, http://www.iran-daily.com/News/138280.html. Lund, Aron, “What Does the Iran Deal Mean for Syria?” Carnegie Empowerment for International Peace. July 14, 2015. Accessed April 15, http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=60707. Maltzahn, Nadia von. The Syria-Iran Axis: Cultural Diplomacy and International Relations in the Middle East. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2015. Mearsheimer, John J. and Stephen M. Walt. “An Unnecessary War.” Foreign Policy (January/February, 2003). Accessed March 20, 2016, http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0032.pdf. Mcinnis, J. Matthews. “What Iran Expects to Gain from the Syrian Civil War.” Newsweek (November 14, 2015). Monier, Elizabeth. “Egypt, Iran, and the Hizbullah Cell: Using Sectarianism to "De-Arabize" and Regionalize Threats to National Interests.” The Middle East Journal (Summer, 2015): 421-434. “Nuclear Iran 1,000 times more dangerous than ISIS – Netanyahu.” Reuters. May 27, 2015. Accessed May 10, 2016, https://www.rt.com/news/262309-netanyahu-isis-iran-nuclear/. “Nuclear Iran 1,000 times more dangerous than ISIS – Netanyahu.” Reuters. May 27, 2015. Accessed April 10, 2016, https://www.rt.com/news/262309-netanyahu-isis-iran-nuclear/. Peters, Ralp. “The Syria War Just Taught Putin to Worry about Iran.” New York Post, March 15, 2016. Accessed March 20, 2016, http://nypost.com/2016/03/15/the-syrian-war-just-taught-putin-to-worry-about-iran/. Phillips, Christopher. “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria.” Third World Quarterly 36(2015): 357-376. Rafizadeh, Majid. “How has Iran’s role in the five-year Syria conflict evolved?” Al Arabiya English. March 20, 2016. Accessed April 2, 2016, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/20/How-has-Iran-s-role-evolved-in-the-five-year-Syria-conflict-.html. Rawnsley, Adam. “Inside Iran’s Secret War.” The Daily Beast. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 10, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/13/inside-iran-s-secret-war-in-syria.html. Russett, Bruce. “Liberalism.” In Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki & Steve Smith (Ed.), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 96-115). UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Saudi-Iranian Tension: Roots and Implications for the Gulf.” Assessment Report, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (January 21, 2016). “Saudi Dictated by Zionists to Insist on Assad’s Removal.” Mehr News Agency. March 15, 2016. Accessed March 21, 2016, http://en.mehrnews.com/news/115238/Saudi-dictated-by-Zionists-to-insist-on-Assad-s-removal. Schroeder, Paul. “Historical Reality vs. Neo-Realist Theory.” International Security 19(1994): 108-148. Shanahan, Rodger. “Iranian Foreign Policy under Rouhani.” Analysis: Lowy Institute for International Policy (February 2015): 1-15. Shaheen, Kareem, “Syrian rebels decry Iran's nuclear deal with the west.” The Guardian. July 16, 2015. Accessed May 15, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/16/syrian-rebels-decry-irans-nuclear-deal-with-the-west. “Syria, Turkey and Iran: Regional Dynamics of the Syrian Conflict.” Chantam House Meeting Summary (December, 2012). Takeyh, Ray. Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of Ayatollahs. UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Taylor, Paul. “Exclusive: Saudi-Iranian proxy war over Syria spreads to Davos.” Reuters. January 23, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-davos-exclusive-idUSKCN0V10BO. Tazmini, Ghoncheh. Khatami’s Iran: The Islamic Republic and the Turbulent Path to Reform. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013. Thornton, Rod. “Russia and Iran in Syria: An Alliance or Competition.” Case Analysis, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (November 19, 2015): 1-11. Tisdall, Simon. “Iran Calls for Concerted International Effort to Beat ISIS and End Syrian War.” The Guardian. December 18, 2015. Accessed March 14, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/18/iran-mohammad-zarif-concerted-international-effort-beat-isis-end-syrian-war. Waltz, Kenneth. “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory.” Journal of International Affairs 44(1990): 21-37. “Zarif: No Islands of Security Anymore.” Kayhan News. March 11, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2016, http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/03/12/455308/Iran-Lebanon-Syria-Hezbollah-Velayati/.
  • Zarif, Javad, “Speech at the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs.” February 16, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFE8RmPrxq4.
  • Zweiri, Mahjoob. “Revolutionary Iran and Arab Revolts: Observations on Iranian Foreign Policy and Its Approaches.” Case Analysis, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (September 2012): 1-16.
  • Interviews Amin Tarzi, phone interview by Hazal Muslu, May 10, 2016.
  • Nader Habibi, skype interview by Hazal Muslu, May 10, 2016.
Toplam 5 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hazal Muslu El Berni

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Muslu El Berni, H. (2017). Iran’s Security Dilemma in The Middle East: A Neorealist Approach to Iran’s Foreign Policy in Syria. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.375292

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İran Çalışmaları Dergisi bilginin yayılması ve zenginleşmesi için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.