Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī’s Universalist Interpretation of Islam

Öz

This article, composed of three main sections, analyzes the views of the founder of the Māturīdī school of Islamic Sunnī theology, Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944), that directly concern or can be legitimately associated with nationalism. The first part will discuss al-Māturīdī’s theoretical framework concerning the relation of superiority among the Muslim nations by examining his arguments about the superiority of man over the angels and that of Adam over Satan/the Devil (Iblīs). It will also discuss the Arab-ʿAjam (non-Arab) relationship, a context in which the Imām intensifies his discussion of nationalism, and I will unpack his perspective on the relationship between the Arabs and the non-Arabs in terms of superiority. The second part will examine relationship between the Qurʾān and Arabic qua the language of the Qurʾān as well as the possibility and probability of the Qurʾān being revealed in any language other than Arabic. The third part will focus on the relationship between the wording and meaning in the Qurʾān as well as between translations of the Qurʾān and its Arabic original. In the conclusion, I will suggest the relevance of al-Māturīdī’s Qurʾānic hermeneutics to the present situation of the Turks as a non-Arab Muslim nation vis-à-vis the question of better understanding the meaning and essence of the Qurʾān.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The Qurʾān
• al-Māturīdī
• Arabic
• non-Arabic
• nationalism

Kaynakça

1. Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 50 vols. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūṭ, ʿĀdil Murshid, Muḥammad Naʿīm al-ʿIrqsūsī, Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq, Haytham ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, Saʿīd al-Laḥḥām, ʿĀmir Ghaḍbān et al. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2001.
2. Ak, Ahmet. Büyük Türk Âlimi Mâturîdî ve Mâturîdîlik. İstanbul: Bayrak Matbaası, 2008.
3. al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl. al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī) in Mawsūʿat al-ḥadīth al-sharīf: al-Kutub al-sittah. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad Āl al-Sheikh. Riyadh: Dār al-Salām & Damascus: Dār al-Fayḥāʾ li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2000.
4. Coşkun, İbrahim. “Maturidi Düşüncede Allah-İnsan İlişkisi.” Hikmet Yurdu 2, no. 4 (2009).
5. al-Ḥākim al-Nīsābūrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. al-Mustadrak ʿalá l-ṣaḥīḥayn. 5 vols. Edited by Muṣṭafá ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1990.
6. Ibn Kathīr, Abū l-Fidāʾ ʿImād al-Dīn Ismāʿīl ibn Shihāb al-Dīn ʿUmar. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. 8 vols. Edited by Sāmī ibn Muḥammad al-Salāmah. 2nd ed. Riyadh: Dār Ṭībah li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1999.
7. al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr ibn Baḥr ibn Maḥbūb al-Kinānī. al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn. 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. 7th ed. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1998.
8. Kutlu, Sönmez. “Bilinen ve Bilinmeyen Yönleriyle İmâm Mâturîdî.” In İmam Mâturîdî ve Maturidilik, Tarihî Arka Plan, Hayatı, Eserleri, Fikirleri ve Maturidilik Mezhebi, ed. Sönmez Kutlu, 17-55. Ankara: Kitâbiyât, 2003.

9. Madelung, Wilferd F. “Maturidiliğin Yayılışı ve Türkler.” Translated by Muzaffer Tan. In İmam Mâturîdî ve Maturidilik, Tarihî Arka Plan, Hayatı, Eserleri, Fikirleri ve Maturidilik Mezhebi, ed. Sönmez Kutlu, 305-368. Ankara: Kitâbiyât, 2003.
10. al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd al-Samarqandī. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm al-musammá Taʾwīlāt Ahl al-sunnah. 5 vols. Edited by Fāṭimah Yūsuf al-Khiyamī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah Nāshirūn, 2004.
11. al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd al-Samarqandī. Kitāb al-tawḥīd. Edited by Bekir Topaloğlu and Muhammed Aruçi. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir & Istanbul: Maktabat al-Irshād, 2007.
12. Muslim, Abū l-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī al-Nīsābūrī. al-Ṣaḥīḥ in Mawsūʿat al-ḥadīth al-sharīf: al-Kutub al-sittah. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad Āl al-Sheikh. Riyadh: Dār al-Salām & Damascus: Dār al-Fayḥāʾ li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2000.
13. al-Qurṭubī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Farḥ. al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān (Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī). 20 vols. in 10 vols. Edited by Aḥmad al-Bardūnī and Ibrāhīm Aṭfīsh. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1964.
14. Rudolph, Ulrich. al-Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand. Translated by Rodrigo Adem. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2015.
15. al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī: Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān. 26 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Jīzah: Dār Hajr li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ wa-l-Iʿlān, 2001.
16. al-Tirmidhī, Abū ʿĪsá Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsá ibn Mūsá. al-Jāmiʿ (Sunan al-Tirmidhī). In Mawsūʿat al-ḥadīth al-sharīf: al-Kutub al-sittah. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad Āl al-Sheikh. Riyadh: Dār al-Salām & Damascus: Dār al-Fayḥāʾ li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2000.
17. Topaloğlu, Bekir. “Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî.” In Kitâbü’t-Tevhîd, Açıklamalı Tercüme [Turkish translation of Kitāb al-tawḥīd]. Translated by Bekir Topaloğlu. Ankara: İSAM Yayınları, 2014.
18. Uluç, Tahir. İmâm Mâturîdî’nin Âlemin Ontolojik Yapısı Hakkında Filozofları Eleştirisi. Konya: Aybil Yayınevi, 2016.