Contemporary Jewish Anti-Islamism: Jewish Zionism and Jewish Influence in Western Anti-Islamism

Yıl 2019, , 99 - 120, 28.11.2019

Ömer Kemal Buhari

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2019.101.190

Öz

The present academic literature hosts volumes of information on Muslim anti-Semitism, while Jewish anti-Islamism is hardly mentioned. With the aim of filling this scholarly gap, the article deals with contemporary Jewish anti-Islamism, principally focusing on Zionism’s role in such anti-Islamism, by delving into the existing literature, news media, and online sources. Since the very birth of Zionism, Palestinians, Arabs, Muslims and, finally, Islam itself have primarily been seen as “obstacles” to Zionist goals. The “chosenness,” “promised lands,” and “messianism” doctrines at the core of Zionism have led to the antagonization of the aforementioned. There appears to be a blatant overlap between anti-Islamism and Jewish voices in the media, the entertainment sector, popular bookshops, foundations, academia, think-tanks and the virtual world. Finally, pro-Israel influences in the West have catalyzed negativity about Islam and Muslims and propagated wars through lobbying activities. Jewish anti-Islamism is real and needs further scholarly investigation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-Islamism, Islamophobia, Jewish anti-Islamism, Zionist anti-Islamism, Zionism, Judaism

Kaynakça

• Abunimah, Ali. 2011. “Islamophobia, Zionism and the Norway Massacre.” Al-Jazeera, August 2. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011829164395822.html. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• ADL (Anti-Defamation League). 2012. “David Yerushalmi: A Driving Force Behind Anti-Sharia Efforts in the U.S.” ADL Web Site, January 13, 2012. https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/civil-rights/david-yerushalmi-2012-1-11-v1.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Aked, Hilary. 2015. “The undeniable overlap: Right-wing Zionism and Islamophobia,” OpenDemocracy, September 29, 2015. https://www.opendemocracy.net/mirrorracisms/hilary-aked/undeniable-overlap-right-wing-zionism-and-islamophobia. Accessed June 23, 2019.
• Alterman, Eric. 2019. “Benjamin Netanyahu, best friend of the far right,” Le Monde diplomatique, September, 2019. https://mondediplo.com/2019/09/13netanyahu. Accessed October 20, 2019.
• AMP (American Muslims for Palestine). 2014. “The Anti-Defamation League: Protector of civil rights or silencer of free speech?” American Muslims for Palestine website. https://www.ampalestine.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2016/03/ADLbooklet.updated2014.pdf. Accessed June 22, 2019.
• AMP (American Muslims for Palestine). 2016. “Zionist Islamophobe Network Exposed: The truth behind America’s ‘terror’ experts.” American Muslims for Palestine website. http://www.ampalestine.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2016/02/ZionistIslamophobeNetwork.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Arjana, Sophia Rose. 2015. Muslims in the Western Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199324927.001.0001.
• Baer, Alejandro. 2019. “The Rise of Spain’s Pro-Israel, Far-Right Party.” Tablet, May 2, 2019. https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/284204/spains-pro-israel-far-right-party. Accessed October 20, 2019.
• Baroud, Ramzy, and Romana Rubeo. 2019. “Hating Muslims, loving Zionists: Israel as a far-right model.” Al Jazeera, March 29. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/hating-muslims-loving-zionists-israel-model-190322145619468.html. Accessed October 20, 2019.
• Bayraklı, Enes, and Farid Hafez. 2015. European Islamophobia Report 2015. Ankara: Seta, 2016.
• BBC News. 2012. “Pro-Israel ‘Defeat Jihad’ ads to hit New York subway.” BBC News, September 20. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19665225. Accessed June 21, 2019.
• Breivik, Anders Behring. 2011. “2083: A European Declaration of Independence,” Internet Archive, 2011. https://archive.org/details/2083_A_European_Declaration_of_Independence. Accessed June 28, 2019.
• Brenner, Yermi. 2015. “Why Are Jews Supporting a German Right-Wing Movement?” Forward, February 10. https://forward.com/news/214230/why-are-jews-supporting-a-german-right-wing-moveme/. Accessed June 20, 2019.
• Broder, Henryk M. 2013. “Inzwischen bin ich Hardcore-Zionist.” Jüdische Allgemeine, April 11. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/politik/inzwischen-bin-ich-hardcore-zionist/. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Bulkin, Elly, and Donna Nevel. 2014. Islamophobia & Israel. New York: Route Books.
• Burge, Gary M. 2013.Whose Land? Whose Promise? What Christians Are Not Being Told about Israel and the Palestinians. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
• Camus, Jean-Yves. 2013. “The European extreme right and religious extremism.” In Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe, edited by Andrea Mammone, Emmanuel Godin, and Brian Jenkins, 107-121. Oxon: Routledge.
• CAP (Center for American Progress). 2011. “Fear Inc. The Roots of Islamophobia Network in America.” https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• CAP (Center for American Progress). 2015. “Fear. Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network’s Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America.” CAP Web Site, 2015. https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/FearInc-report2.11.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Chidester, David. 2004. Authentic Fakes. Religion and American Popular Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
• Chomsky, Noam. 1999. Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians. London: Pluto Press.
• Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. 1996. Modern Judaism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230372467.
• Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. 2019. George Chryssides and Usama Hasan. People of the Book: An Interfaith Dialogue about How Jews, Christians and Muslims Understand Their Sacred Scriptures. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• CST. 2011. “Zionism and Islamophobia.” CST, Protecting Our Jewish Community (blog), February 17. https://cst.org.uk/news/blog/2011/02/17/zionism-and-islamophobia. Accessed June 28, 2019.
• David Horowitz Freedom Center. 2015. “David Horowitz Speaks About the ‘Jew Hatred on Campus’ Campaign.” Jew Hatred on Campus Web Site, 2015. http://archive.jewhatredoncampus.org/news/david-horowitz-speaks-about-jew-hatred-campus-campaign.html. Accessed October 18, 2019.
• Davidson, Lawrence. 2011. “Islamophobia, the Israel Lobby and American Paranoia: Letter from America.” Holy Land Studies 10 (1): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.3366/hls.2011.0005.
• Dershowitz, Alan. 2003. The Case for Israel. Hoboken: Wiley.
• Dershowitz, Alan. 2017. “It is Our Right to Influence and Control America with the Media: Dershowitz.” The European Union Times, March 12. https://www.eutimes.net/2017/03/it-is-our-right-to-influence-and-control-america-with-the-media-dershowitz/. Accessed June 22, 2019.
• Fallaci, Oriana. 2002. “Io. Oriana Fallaci trovo vergognoso...” Corriere della Sera, April 12,. https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2002/04_Aprile/12/fallaci.shtml. Accessed June 19, 2019.
• Finkelstein, Norman G. 2000. The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering. London and New York: Verso.
• Finkelstein, Norman G. 2005. Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History. Berkeley. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Foxman, Abraham H. 2007. The Deadliest Lies: The Israel Lobby and the Myth of Jewish Control. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Gabler, Neal. 1989. How The Jews Invented Hollywood: An Empire of Their Own. Toronto: Anchor Books.
• Geller, Pamela. 2012. “The Washington Times: The Pamela Geller Interview in full.” Geller Report, June 27. https://gellerreport.com/2012/06/the-washington-times-the-pamela-geller-interview-in-full.html/. Accessed June 15, 2019.
• Gharib, Ali. 2016. “How AIPAC Mainstreams Anti-Muslim Hate.” The Nation, March 9. https://www.thenation.com/article/emerson-aipac-islmophobia/. Accessed October 21, 2019.
• Giordano, Ralph. 1991. Israel, um Himmels willen, Israel. Köln: KiWi.
• Goitein, Shlomo Dov. 1958. “Muhammad’s Inspiration by Judaism.” Journal of Jewish Studies 9 (3-4): 144-162. https://doi.org/10.18647/377/JJS-1958.
• Goldenberg, Robert. 2007. The Origins of Judaism from Canaan to the Rise of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818790.
• Gorny, Yosef. 2003. “Judaism and Zionism.” In The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, edited by Jacob Neusner and Alan J. Avery-Peck, 477-494. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470758014.ch26.
• Halsell, Grace. 2003. Tanrı’yı Kıyamete Zorlamak. Translated by Mustafa Acar and Hüsnü Özmen. Ankara: Kim Yayınları.
• Harris, Sam. 2014. “#2 Why Don’t I Criticize Israel?” samharris.org (blog). July 27. https://samharris.org/podcasts/why-dont-i-criticize-israel/. Accessed June 28, 2019.
• Harkov, Lahav. 2016. “90% of Israeli Jews call themselves Zionists. Herzl Day poll finds.” The Jerusalem Post, May 19. https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/90-percent-of-Israeli-Jews-call-themselves-Zionists-Herzl-Day-poll-finds-454347. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Hertzberg, Arthur. 1997. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. Philadelphia & Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society.
• Hess, Moses. 1918. Rome and Jerusalem: A Study in Jewish Nationalism. Translated by Meyer Waxman. New York: Bloch Publishing Company.
• Herzl, Theodor. 1920, 1896. Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag.
• Hooper, Simon. 2016. “Gun-Toting British Anti-Muslim Activist Poses on Israeli Tank.” Mint Press News, November 11. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gun-toting-british-anti-muslim-activist-poses-israeli-tank. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• JAAMR (Jews Against Anti-Muslim Racism), Jews SAY NO!, and JVP-NYC (Jewish Voice for Peace-New York City. 2018. “The Shame of the UJA-Federation of New York: How its Jewish Communal Fund Supports Anti-Muslim Hate Groups,” November 28. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58c44a5d1b10e3fe89e2756c/t/5bfd61d8032be46a2c1e7d24/1543332316405/Defunding+Islamophobia+report+Nov.+28.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2019).
• Kalmar, Ivan, and Tariq Ramadan. 2016. “Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Historical and Contemporary Connections and Parallels.” In The Routledge Handbook of Muslim – Jewish Relations, edited by Josef Meri, 351-372. New York and London: Routledge.
• Khodr, Mohamed. 2011. “Sharon to Peres: We Control America.” Media Monitors Network, November 20. https://www.mediamonitors.net/sharon-to-peres-we-control-america/. Accessed June 21, 2019.
• King, Elvira. 2016. The Pro-Israel Lobby in Europe: The Politics of Religion and Christian Zionism in the European Union. New York: I.B. Tauris. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350989160.
• Kurian, George. 2015. A Quick Look at Christian History: A Chronological Timeline Through the Centuries. Eugene: Harvest House Publishers.
• Lewis, Bernard. 1968. “The Pro-Islamic Jews.” Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought 17 (4): 391-404.
• Lewis, Bernard. 1987. Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company.
• Lewis, Bernard. 1990. “The Roots of Muslim Rage.” The Atlantic Monthly 266 (3): 47-60.
• Maier, Johann. 1988. Das Judentum: Von der biblischen Zeit bis zur Moderne. München: Gondromi.
• Marranci, Gabriele. 2002. “Multiculturalism. Islam and the Clash of Civilizations Theory: Rethinking Islamophobia.” Culture and Religion 5 (1): 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143830042000200373.
• Mearsheimer, John J. and Stephen M. Walt. 2006. “The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy.” Middle East Policy 13 (3): 29-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2006.00260.x.
• Morris, Benny. 1990.1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Morris, Benny. 1999. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict. 1881-1999. New York: Random House.
• Musaji, Sheila. 2012. “Babu Suseelan, the Hindu face of AFDI/SION,” The American Muslim, October 4. http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/babu-suseelan. Accessed June 20, 2019.
• Norton, Ben. 2013. “Bill Maher. Worse than Glenn Beck.” Counterpunch, June 21. http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/bill-maher-worsethan-glenn-beck/. Accessed June 27, 2019.
• Neusner, Jacob, and Alan J. Avery-Peck. 2000. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Oboler, Andre. 2013. Islamophobia on the Internet: The growth of online hate targeting Muslims. Melbourne: Online Hate Prevention Institute.
• Pappe, Ilan. 2006. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: OneWorld Publications.
• Perry, Marvin, and Frederick M. Schweitzer. 2002. Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Prior, Michael. 1999. Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry. London and New York: Routledge.
• Rose, John. 2004. The Myths of Zionism. London: Pluto Press.
• Safi, Omid. 2011. “Who Put Hate in My Sunday Paper?: Uncovering the Israeli Republican-Evangelical Networks behind the “Obsession” DVD.” In Muslims and Jews in America: Commonalities. Contentions and Complexities, edited by Reza Aslan and Aaron J. Hahn Tapper, 21-32. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119048_3.
• Said, Edward. 1980. The Question of Palestine. New York: Random House.
• Said, Edward. 1988. Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question. New York: Verso.
• Said, Edward. 1997. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See The Rest of the World. New York: Vintage Books.
• Said, Edward. 2003. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
• Saleh, Mohsen Mohammed. 2012. The Suffering of Jerusalem and the Holy Sites under the Israeli Occupation. Translated by Salma Al-Houry. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Centre for Studies & Consultations.
• Santos, Gabriel. 2014. “Islamophobia.” In Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic, edited by Charles Gallagher and Cameron D. Lippard, 613-614. Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
• Sayegh, Fayez A. 1965. Zionist Colonialism in Palestine. Beirut: Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
• Schneiders, Thorsten Gerald. 2015. Wegbereiter der modernen Islamfeindlichkeit: Eine Analyse der Argumentationen so genannter Islamkritiker. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07974-1.
• Shahak, Israel. 2008. Jewish History, Jewish Religion. London: Pluto Press.
• Shaheen, Jack G. 2001. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. New York: Olive Branch Press.
• Shahid Alam, M. 2009. Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101371.
• Sheehi, Stephen. 2011. Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign against Muslims. Atlanta: Clarity Process.
• Sloterdijk, Peter. 2009. God’s Zeal: The Battle of the Three Monotheisms. Translated by Wieland Hoban. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Sniegoski, Stephen J. 2008. The Transparent Cabal: The Neoconservative Agenda, War in the Middle East and the National Interest of Israel. Norfolk: Enigma.
• Sofuoglu, Murat. 2019. “Israel’s dance with far-right movements across the world,” TRT World, March 5. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/israel-s-dance-with-far-right-movements-across-the-world-24677. Accessed October 20, 2019.
• Stein, Joel. 2008. “Who runs Hollywood? C’mon,” Los Angeles Times, December 19. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/19/opinion/oe-stein19. Accessed June 23, 2019.
• Swaim, Lawrence. 2012. The Death of Judeo-Christianity: Religious Aggression and Systemic Evil in the Modern World. Winchester: Circle Books.
• Tharoor, Ishaan. 2018. “Israel strengthens its ties with the West’s far right,” The Washington Post, December 12. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/12/12/israel-strengthens-its-ties-with-wests-far-right/. Accessed October 20, 2019.
• Zangwill, Israel. 1901. The Commercial Future of Palestine: Debate at the Article Club. London: Greenberg & Co.