The Significance of Muḥammad Shahrūr’s Scientific-Historical Method in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory (Uṣūl al-Fiqh)

Yıl 2022, , 47 - 81, 22.11.2022

Muhyar Fanani , Tri Wahyu Hidayati

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2022.131.233

Öz

The determination and application of Islamic legal rulings without causing turmoil in the modern world result in challenges continuing to be discussed. Since the methods for establishing modern Islamic law are not appropriately revised, the proposed measures tend to fail. The article examines the significance of upgrading the legal theory of Islamic law, known as the discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh. The theoretical upgrade is manifested in the application of both a critical-historical method and a scientific-historical method, the application of multiple contemporary academic approaches drawn from the humanities, social and positive sciences in addition to traditional religious knowledge and opinions from classical scholars. The issue of upgrading the discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh through the application of the scientific-historical method requires convincing scholars of the idea that the scientific-historical method is a prospective and integrative method for the contemporary discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh. The scientific-historical method is considered a new method in the discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh for three reasons. In the first instance, it is compatible with the principles of scientific democracy or pluralism (applying multiple approaches in problem-solving and adjudication). In the second instance, it is suitable for the demands of modern societies. In the third instance, it is suitable for the structure of modern states. In terms of the contemporary discipline of uṣūl al-fiqh, the article emphasizes the significance of Shaḥrūr’s scientific-historical method in creating modern Islamic law. Nonetheless, the article still does not incorporate a concrete definition of Shaḥrūr’s limits (ḥudūd) and does not provide examples of the use of the scientific-historical method in solving problems (e.g., eradicating legal corruption and promoting law enforcement in the Muslim world). Future studies may focus on the definition of Shaḥrūr’s ḥudūd and the implementation of his scientific-historical method in solving problems of contemporary Islamic law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Scientific-historical method, Muḥammad Shaḥrūr, modern Islamic law, the state

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Proje Numarası

None

Teşekkür

My Collegue, Prof. Ednan Aslan (Viena University, Austria).

Kaynakça

• ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. al-Aʿmāl al-kāmilah li-l-Imām Muḥammad ʿAbduh. Edited by Muḥammad ʿImārah. 6 vols. Beirut: al-Muʾassasah al-ʿArabiyyah li-l-Dirāsah wa-l-Nashr, 1972-4.
• Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad. Uṣūl al-fiqh. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, 1958.
• Abū Sulaymān, AbdulHamīd A. Toward an Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Direction for Methodology and Thought. Herndon, Virginia: IIIT, 1994.
• Akbar, Ali. “Towards a Humanistic Approach to the Quran: New Direction in Contemporary Islamic Thought.” Culture and Religion 20, no. 1 (2019): 82-103.
• Akbar, Ali. “Fazlur Rahman’s Influence on Contemporary Islamic Thought.” The Muslim World 110, no. 2 (2020): 129-153.
• Akbar, Ali. Contemporary Perspectives on Revelation and Quranic Hermeneutics: An Analysis of Four Discourses. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020.
• al-ʿAlwānī, Ṭāhā Jābir. Source Methodology in Islamic Jurisprudence. 2nd edition Herndon-Virginia: IIIT, 1994. al-ʿAshmāwī, Muḥammad Saʿīd. Uṣūl al-sharīʿah. Beirut: Dār Iqraʾ, 1983.
• Azizy, Ahmad Qodri A. Reformasi Bermazhab: Sebuah Ikhtiar Menuju Ijtihad Sesuai Saintifik-Modern. Jakarta: Teraju, 2003.
• al-Baṣrī, Abū l-Ḥusayn. al-Muʿtamad. Edited by Khalīl al-Mays. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2005.
• Baum, Gregory. Agama, dalam Bayang-bayang Relativisme: Sebuah Analisis Sosiologi Pengetahuan Karl Mannheim tentang Sintesa Kebenaran Historis-Normatif (Truth Beyond Relativism: Karl Mannheim’s Sociology of Knowledge). Translated by Ahmad Murtajib Chaeri. Yogyakarta: PT. Tiara Wacana, 1999.
• Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckmann. Tafsir Sosial atas Kenyataan: Risalah tentang Sosiologi Pengetahuan (The Social Construction of Reality). Translated by Hasan Basari. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1990.
• Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1991.
• Collins, Randall. “Development, Diversity, and Conflict in the Sociology of Science.” The Sociological Quarterly 24 (1983): 185-200.
• Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Century of Islam. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
• Erickson, Mark. “Homer in the Laboratory: A Feyerabendian Experiment.” Sociology of Science, Social Epistemology, 32, no. 2 (2018), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1410865.
• Fanani, Muhyar. “Abdullāhi Ahmed an-Naʿim: Paradigma Baru Hukum Publik Islam.” In Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer. Edited by A. Khudhori Sholeh, 1-32. Yogyakarta: Jendela, 2002.
• al-Fāsī, ʿAllāl. Maqāṣid al-sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah wa-makārimuhā. Casablanca: Maktabat al-Waḥdah al-ʿArabiyyah, 1963.
• Fleischmann, Martin. “Reflections on the Sociology of Science and Social Responsibility in Science in Relationship to Cold Fusion.” Accountability in Research 8, no. 1-2, (2000): 19-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989620008573964.
• al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Mustaṣfá. Edited by Muṣtafá Abū l-ʿIlā. Cairo: Maktabat al-Jund, 1971.
• Gibb, H. A. R. Aliran-aliran Modern dalam Islam. Translated by Machnun Husein. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1996. Habermas, Jürgen. Knowledge and Human Interest. Translated by Jeremy J. Shapiro. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
• Hallaq, Wael B. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• Hallaq, Wael B. Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Hammond, Marit. “Deliberative Democracy as a Critical Theory.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 22, no. 7 (2018): 787-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2018.1438333.
• Ḥanafī, Ḥasan. Mawsūʿat al-ḥadārah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah. Amman: Dār al-Fāris li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1995.
• Hardiman, F. Budi. Kritik-Ideologi: Menyingkap Kepentingan Pengetahuan Bersama Jurgen Habermas. Yogyakarta: Buku Baik, 2003.
• Haytū, M. Ḥasan. al-Ijtihād wa-ṭabaqāt mujtahidī l-Shāfiʿiyyah. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1988.
• Hissou, Ahmad. “Muḥammad Shaḥrūr: ‘We Urgently Need Religious Reform‘” (An Interview), translated from German by Aingeal Flanagan. http://pages.zdnet.com/plm/id165.html, accessed January 18, 2005.
• Ḥuṣarī, Aḥmad. Naẓariyyat al-ḥukm wa-maṣādir al-tashrīʿ fī uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyyah, 1981.
• Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Muqaddimah. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
• Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore: Javid Iqbal, 1971.
• Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Edited and annotated by M. Saeed Sheikh with a New Introduction by Javed Majeed. California: Stanford University Press, 2012.
• al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. Binyat al-ʿaql al-ʿArabī. 3rd ed. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqāfī al-ʿArabī, 1992.
• al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. Takwīn al-ʿaql al-ʿArabī. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafī al-ʿArabī, 1993.
• al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. Agama, Negara, dan Penerapan Shari‘ah. Translated by Mujiburrahman. Yogyakarta: Fajar Pustaka Baru, 2001.
• al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought. London: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2009.
• al-Juwaynī. al-Burhān fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by Ṣalāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUwayḍāt. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyah, 1997.
• Kale-Lostuvali, Elif. “Two Sociologies of Science in Search of Truth: Bourdieu Versus Latour,” Social Epistemology (2015): 273-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2015.1015062.
• Kasavin, Ilya. “Towards a Social Philosophy of Science: Russian Prospects.” Social Epistemology 31, no.1 (2016): 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2016.1227389.
• Kerr, Malcolm H. Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad ʿAbduh and Rashid Rida. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966.
• Khallāf, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Maṣādir al-tashrīʿ fī mā lā naṣṣ fīh. Kairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1955. Khallāf, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. ʿIlm uṣūl al-fiqh. Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1978.
• Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Herndon: The University of Chicago Press., Ltd., 1970. Layman, Daniel. “Robust Deliberative Democracy.” Critical Review 28, no. 3-4 (2016): 494-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2016.1264161.
• Magnis-Suseno, Frans. Filsafat sebagai Ilmu Kritis. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992.
• al-Mīsāwī, Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir. “Qaḍāyā l-tajdīd: naḥwa manhaj uṣūlī,” al-Tajdīd 1, no. 2 (1997): 196-212.
• an-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed. Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1990.
• Nasution, Khoiruddin. Riba & Poligami: Sebuah Studi atas Pemikiran Muhammad Abduh. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar-ACAdeMIA, 1996.
• Peursen, Van. Susunan Ilmu Pengetahuan. Translated by J. Drost. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1980.
• Rahman, Fazlur. “Towards Reformulating the Methodology of Islamic Law: Sheikh Yamani on Public Interest in Islamic Law.” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 12 (1979): 219-224.
• Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1988.
• Rahman, Fazlur. Membuka Pintu Ijtihad. Translated by Anas Mahyuddin. Bandung: Pustaka, 1995. Riḍā, Rashīd. Yusr al-Islām wa-uṣūl al-tashrīʿ al-ʿāmm. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Nahḍat Miṣr, 1956.
• Ritzer, George. Sociological Theory, 4th ed. New York-Toronto: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1995.
• Saeed, Abdullah and Ali Akbar. “Contextualist Approaches and the Interpretation of the Qurʿān.” Religions 12, no. 7 (2021): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070527.
• Saʿīd, Busthāmī Muḥammad. Gerakan Pembaharuan Agama antara Modernisme dan Tajdīd ad-Dīn (Mafhūm Tajdīd ad-Dīn). Bekasi: Wala Press, 1995.
• al-Shāfiʿī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs. al-Risālah. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1309.
• al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Tāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm. al-Milal wa-l-niḥal. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. Al-Kitāb wa-l-Qurʿān: qirāʾah muʿāṣirah. Cairo and Damascus: Sīnā li-l-Nashr, 1992.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. Naḥwa uṣūl jadīdah li-l-fiqh al-Islāmī. Damascus: al-Ahālī li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1994.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. Dirāsat Islāmiyyah muʿāṣirah fī l-dawlah wa-l-mujtamaʿ. Damascus: al-Ahālī li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1994.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. “Reading the Religious Text: A New Approach.” http://islam21.net/pages/keyissues/key1-7.htm, accessed April 21, 2001.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. “Proposal for Islamic Covenant.” http://www.isim/publications/other/shahrur.html, accessed February 15, 2001.
• Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. “The Divine Text and Pluralism in Muslim Societies.” http: //www.quran.org/shahroor.htm, accessed April 22, 2002.
• Shalabī. Muḥammad Muṣṭafá. Uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʿArabiyyah, 1986.
• al-Shāṭibī, Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsá, al-Muwāfaqāt fī uṣūl al-sharīʿah. Edited by al-Sheikh Ibrāhīm Ramaḍān. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1997.
• Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed. The Second Message of Islam. Translated by Abdullahi Ahmed an-Naʿim. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
• Tang, Jeffrey. “How Do We Know? What Intelligence Analysis can Learn from the Sociology of Science.” Intelligence and National Security 32, no. 5 (2017): 663-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1311473. al-Turābī, Ḥasan. Tajdīd uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. Beirut & Khartoum: Dār al-Fikr, 1980.
• al-Turābī, Ḥasan. Pembaharuan Ushul Fiqh (Tajdīd uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī). Translated by Afīf Muḥammad. Bandung: Penerbit Pustaka, 1986.
• al-Turābī, Ḥasan. Qaḍāyā l-tajdīd: naḥwa manhaj uṣūlī. Khartoum: Maʿhad al-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt al-Ijtihādiyyah, 1990.
• al-Turābī, Ḥasan. Tajdīd al-fikr al-Islāmī. Rabat: Dār al-Qarāfī li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1993.
• Weiss, Bernard. The Search for God`s Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in The Writings of Sayf al-Dīn al-Āmidī. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992.
• Yakar, Emine Enise. “The Influential Role of the Practice of Iftāʾ in Saudi Politico-Legal Arena.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law Practice, 16, no. 1 (2020): 35-61.
• Yakar, Emine Enise. “The Diachronic Change of the Practice of Iftāʿ: From Individual to Collective.” Islamic Studies 60, no. 1 (2021): 325-346.
• Yakar, Emine Enise. Islamic Law and Society; The Practice of Iftāʾ and Religious Institutions. London and New York: Routledge, 2022.
• Yakar, Emine Enise and Sumeyra Yakar. “The Symbolic Relationship between ʿUlamāʾ and Umarāʾ in Contemporary Saudi Arabia.” Middle Eastern Studies 13, no. 1 (2021): 23-46.
• Yakar, Emine Enise and Sumeyra Yakar. “The Critical Analysis of Taha Jabir al-Alwani’s Concept of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt.” Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 20, no. 1 (2021): 377-404.
• Zubaida, Sami. Law and Power in the Islamic World. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2003.
• al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. 2 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1986.