Fas'ta İslam Aile Hukuku: Tarihsel Gelişmeler ve Reformlar

Öz

Bu araştırma, Fas'ta İslam aile hukukunun tarihsel gelişimini ve kodifikasyonunu incelemekte ve yerli ve İslami geleneklerinden, sömürge ve sömürge sonrası reformlarla şekillenen resmi bir yasal çerçeveye dönüşümünü analiz etmektedir. Fas aile hukuku başlangıçta yerel geleneklere ve Mālikī fıkhına dayanıyordu. Fransız himayesi döneminde (1912-1956), sömürge yönetimleri Şeriat mahkemelerini kısıtladı ve bu da, nihayetinde Fas’ın bağımsızlığına ve yasal reform çağrılarına yol açan milliyetçi direnişe neden oldu. Fas bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra, ilk kodifiye edilmiş İslam aile hukuku olan Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah (1957), muhafazakâr İslam ilkelerini yansıtıyordu ve cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri nedeniyle kadın hakları gruplarının muhalefetini ateşledi. 1993'teki kademeli reformlar, bazı evlilik ve velayet kurallarını değiştirdi, ancak cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamada yetersiz kaldı ve süregelen aktivizmi tetikledi. Sonunda, Kral VI. Muhammed döneminde, 2004 tarihli Mudawwanat al-usrah ile önemli değişiklikler gerçekleşti; bu İslam aile hukuku, evlilik yaşını yükseltmek, boşanma haklarını iyileştirmek ve aile liderliğinde karşılıklı sorumluluk gerektirmek suretiyle kadın haklarını geliştirdi. Bununla birlikte, İslam aile hukuku, çok eşlilik ve eşit olmayan miras gibi unsurları koruyarak geleneksel değerleri ilerici reformlarla harmanladı. İslam aile hukuku, Fas'ın İslam çerçevesi içindeki hukuki ve sosyal modernleşmesinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Bu çalışma, Fas'ın İslam mirası ile sosyal modernleşmeyi dengeleme yaklaşımını vurgulamakta ve dini gelenekleri çağdaş hukuki çerçevelere entegre etmenin karmaşıklığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam aile hukuku
• Mālikī fıkhı
• Fas
• Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah

Islamic Family Law in Morocco: Historical Developments and Reforms

Öz

This research examines the historical trajectory and codification of Islamic family law in Morocco and analyses its transformation from indigenous and Islamic customs to a formalized legal framework shaped by colonial and postcolonial reforms. Moroccan family law was initially rooted in local customs and Mālikī fiqh. During the French protectorate (1912-1956), colonial authorities restricted Sharīʿah courts, prompting nationalist resistance that ultimately led to Morocco’s independence and calls for legal reform. After Morocco gained independence, the first codified Islamic family law, Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah (1957), reflected conservative Islamic principles and ignited opposition from women’s rights groups due to gender inequalities. Incremental reforms in 1993 adjusted some marriage and guardianship rules but fell short of achieving gender equality, prompting ongoing activism. Finally, under King Mohammed VI, significant changes culminated in the 2004 Mudawwanat al-usrah, an Islamic family law that improved women’s rights by increasing the age for marriage, improving divorce rights, and requiring mutual responsibility in family leadership. However, Islamic family law retained aspects such as polygamy and unequal inheritance, blending traditional values with progressive reforms. Islamic family law marked a milestone in Morocco’s legal and social modernization within an Islamic framework. This study highlights Morocco’s approach to balancing Islamic heritage with social modernization and illustrates the complexities of integrating religious tradition with contemporary legal frameworks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Islamic family law
• Mālikī fiqh Morocco
• Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah

Kaynakça

1. al-Azhar, Muḥammad. Sharḥ Mudawwanat al-usrah: al-Zawāj, inḥilāl mīthāq al-zawjiyyah wa-āthāruhū, al-wilādah wa-natāʾijuhā. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: n.p. 7th edition, 2015.
2. Almaany. Accessed October 26, 2023. https://www.almaany.com
3. Buskens, Léon, “Recent Debates on Family Law Reform in Morocco: Islamic Law as Politics in an Emerging Public Sphere”. Islamic Law and Society 10/1 (February 2003), 70-131.
4. Cory, Stephen, “Sharīfian Rule in Morocco (Tenth–Twelfth/Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries)”. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Edited by Maribel Fierro. 451-479. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
5. Dalmasso, Emanuela - Cavatorta, Francesco. “Reforming the Family Code in Tunisia and Morocco – The Struggle between Religion, Globalisation and Democracy”. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 11/2 (2010), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511462
6. Dupret, Baudouin - Bouhya, Adil - Lindbekk, Monika - Utriza Yakin, Ayang. “Filling Gaps in Legislation: The Use of Fiqh by Contemporary Courts in Morocco, Egypt, and Indonesia”. Islamic Law and Society 26/4 (December 2019), 405-436. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00264P03
7. Dursun, Davut. “Fas (Himaye Dönemi ve Bağımsızlık)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 12/192-196. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1995.
8. Engelcke, Dörthe. Reforming Family Law: Social and Political Change in Jordan and Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

9. Fakhria, Sheila - Marpuah, Siti. “A Discourse of Mudawanah al-Usrah; Guaranteeing Women’s Rights in Family Law Morocco’s”. Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 33/2 (August 2022), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v33i2.2640
10. Hanafi, Leila. “Contextualised Analysis of Access to Justice in Morocco”. Arribat – International Journal of Human Rights 1/1 (May 2021), 42-67.
11. Hanafi, Leila. “Moudawana and Women’s Rights in Morocco: Balancing National and International Law”. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 18/2 (2012), 515-529.
12. Harrak, Fatima. “The History and Significance of the New Moroccan Family Code”. Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa (ISITA) Working Paper Series 9/2 (March 2009), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.21985/N2CB4W
13. Hayʾat al-Taḥrīr. Taṭawwur al-waḍʿ al-ḥuqūqī li-l-marʾah al-Maghribiyyah min Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah li-sanat 1957 ilá Mudawwanat al-usrah li-sanat 2004: Mudākhalah fī l-nadwah al-duwaliyyah al-munaẓẓamah min ṭaraf Muʾassasat al-Bayt al-ʿArabī bi-Mādrīd fī Isbāniyā yawm 4/11/2009. Maghrib: Mukhtabar al-Bahth fī Qānūn al-Usrah wa-l-Hijrah, 2008.
14. Hoffman, Katherine E. “Berber Law by French Means: Customary Courts in the Moroccan Hinterlands, 1930-1956”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 52/4 (2010), 851-880. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417510000484
15. Kāfī, Aḥmad. “Al-Aḥwāl wa-l-usrah: al-ṣiyāqāt wa-l-madhhabiyyah”. Al-Furqān: Islāmiyyah thaqāfiyyah 50 (2004), 44-47.
16. al-Kashbūr, Muḥammad. Al-Wasīṭ fī sharḥ Mudawwanat al-usrah. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: Maṭbaʿat al-Najāḥ al-Jadīdah, 2nd edition, 2009.
17. al-Kashbūr, Muḥammad. Al-Wāḍiḥ fī sharḥ Mudawwanat al-usrah: Inḥilāl mīthāq al-zawjiyyah. 2 vols. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: Maṭbaʿat al-Najāḥ al-Jadīdah, 3rd edition, 2015.
18. Malūl, Fāṭimah. “Masār ṣiyāghat wa-taʿdīl Mudawwanat al-usrah al-Maghribiyyah”. Majallat al-manārah li-l-dirāsāt al-qānūniyyah wa-l-idāriyyah: Special Issue on Family Law (2019), 9-22.
19. Mufīd, Khadījah. “Mudawwanat al-usrah: Ayyu jadīd?”. Al-Furqān: Islāmiyyah thaqāfiyyah 50 (2004), 13-17.
20. Nuwārah, al-ʿAshī. “Taqnīn aḥkām al-usrah fī l-Jazāʾir wa-bāqī duwal al-Maghrib al-ʿArabī”. Dirāsāt wa-abḥāth 11/2 (June 2019), 293-313.
21. Olick-Gibson, Rachel. From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code. St. Louis, MO: Washington University, School for International Training, Unpublished Paper, 2020.
22. OHCHR, The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.pdf
23. Pennell, Richard. Morocco Since 1830: A History. London: Hurst & Company, 2000.
24. Pennell, Richard. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2003.
25. al-Qāsimī, Muḥammad. “Maẓāhir al-thābit wa-l-mutaghayyir wa-l-khuṣūṣiyyah wa-l-ʿumūmiyyah fī taqnīn al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah al-Maghribiyyah”. Majallat al-bāhith lī-l-dirāsāt al-qānūniyyah wa-l-qaḍāʾiyyah 8 (October 2018), 63-73.
26. Ridwan, Muannif - Saleh, Ahmad Syukri - Ghaffar, Abdul. “Islamic Law in Morocco: Study on The Government System and The Development of Islamic Law”. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1/1 (2021), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum539
27. Sadiki, Fatima. “Morocco”. Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance. Edited by Sanja Kelly - Julia Breslin. 311-336. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
28. Salia, Rachel. Reflections on a Reform: Inside the Moroccan Family Code. New York: Columbia University, Department of History, Senior’s Thesis, 2011.
29. Wikipedia. “Ẓahīr (al-Maghrib)”. Accessed February 26. 2023. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ظهير_(المغرب)#الظهير_الشريف_التنفيذي.