Fas'ta İslam Aile Hukuku: Tarihsel Gelişmeler ve Reformlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 107 - 122, 30.06.2025

Selman Zahid Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1585555

Öz

Bu araştırma, Fas'ta İslam aile hukukunun tarihsel gelişimini ve kodifikasyonunu incelemekte ve yerli ve İslami geleneklerinden, sömürge ve sömürge sonrası reformlarla şekillenen resmi bir yasal çerçeveye dönüşümünü analiz etmektedir. Fas aile hukuku başlangıçta yerel geleneklere ve Mālikī fıkhına dayanıyordu. Fransız himayesi döneminde (1912-1956), sömürge yönetimleri Şeriat mahkemelerini kısıtladı ve bu da, nihayetinde Fas’ın bağımsızlığına ve yasal reform çağrılarına yol açan milliyetçi direnişe neden oldu. Fas bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra, ilk kodifiye edilmiş İslam aile hukuku olan Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah (1957), muhafazakâr İslam ilkelerini yansıtıyordu ve cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri nedeniyle kadın hakları gruplarının muhalefetini ateşledi. 1993'teki kademeli reformlar, bazı evlilik ve velayet kurallarını değiştirdi, ancak cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamada yetersiz kaldı ve süregelen aktivizmi tetikledi. Sonunda, Kral VI. Muhammed döneminde, 2004 tarihli Mudawwanat al-usrah ile önemli değişiklikler gerçekleşti; bu İslam aile hukuku, evlilik yaşını yükseltmek, boşanma haklarını iyileştirmek ve aile liderliğinde karşılıklı sorumluluk gerektirmek suretiyle kadın haklarını geliştirdi. Bununla birlikte, İslam aile hukuku, çok eşlilik ve eşit olmayan miras gibi unsurları koruyarak geleneksel değerleri ilerici reformlarla harmanladı. İslam aile hukuku, Fas'ın İslam çerçevesi içindeki hukuki ve sosyal modernleşmesinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Bu çalışma, Fas'ın İslam mirası ile sosyal modernleşmeyi dengeleme yaklaşımını vurgulamakta ve dini gelenekleri çağdaş hukuki çerçevelere entegre etmenin karmaşıklığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İslam aile hukuku , Mālikī fıkhı , Fas , Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah

Islamic Family Law in Morocco: Historical Developments and Reforms

Öz

This research examines the historical trajectory and codification of Islamic family law in Morocco and analyses its transformation from indigenous and Islamic customs to a formalized legal framework shaped by colonial and postcolonial reforms. Moroccan family law was initially rooted in local customs and Mālikī fiqh. During the French protectorate (1912-1956), colonial authorities restricted Sharīʿah courts, prompting nationalist resistance that ultimately led to Morocco’s independence and calls for legal reform. After Morocco gained independence, the first codified Islamic family law, Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah (1957), reflected conservative Islamic principles and ignited opposition from women’s rights groups due to gender inequalities. Incremental reforms in 1993 adjusted some marriage and guardianship rules but fell short of achieving gender equality, prompting ongoing activism. Finally, under King Mohammed VI, significant changes culminated in the 2004 Mudawwanat al-usrah, an Islamic family law that improved women’s rights by increasing the age for marriage, improving divorce rights, and requiring mutual responsibility in family leadership. However, Islamic family law retained aspects such as polygamy and unequal inheritance, blending traditional values with progressive reforms. Islamic family law marked a milestone in Morocco’s legal and social modernization within an Islamic framework. This study highlights Morocco’s approach to balancing Islamic heritage with social modernization and illustrates the complexities of integrating religious tradition with contemporary legal frameworks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic family law , Mālikī fiqh Morocco , Mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah

Etik Beyan

This article was prepared based on the 4th section of the 3rd chapter of my doctorate dissertation entitled “Developments and Evaluation of Islamic Family Law in Light of Experiences of Muslim Countries”, supervised by Assoc. Prof. Miszairi Bin Sitiris. (Ph.D. Dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia, 2024) and by adding some new sources.

Teşekkür

Thank you so much for giving me this opportunity.

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