İslam Öncesi Arabistan'da Yahudi Şairler ve Arap Edebî Kültürü: Kökenler, Temalar ve Özgünlük Sorunları

Öz

İslam'ın ortaya çıkmasından önce Yahudiler, Arabistan'da uzun süre varlık göstermişlerdir. Bölgeye göç edip ticarî, siyasî, dinî ve özellikle edebî faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu nedenle hem bölgedeki egemen kültürü etkilemişler hem de ondan etkilenmişlerdir. Dinî uygulamaları bir yana, yaşam tarzları ve dilleri egemen kültürden izole kalmamıştır. Tarihsel kaynaklara göre, bu dönemin Yahudileri şiirlerinde İslam öncesi Arap şiir tarzını benimsemişlerdir. Ayrıca Arap edebiyat geleneğinin yaygın temaları üzerine şiir yazmaktan da çekinmemişlerdir. Kaynaklarda bahsedilen Yahudi şairler ve şiirleri sınırlı olsa da bunların kayda değer kısmı günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu şiirlerin incelenmesi, İslam öncesi Yahudi topluluğunun edebî ve kültürel uygulamaları hakkında fikir vermektedir. Aynı zamanda bu incelemeler yapılırken Yahudilere ait olduğu söylenen bazı şiirlerin orijinalliği hakkındaki tartışmalara değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arap edebiyatı
• İslam öncesi şiiri
• Arabistan
• Yahudi şairler

Jewish Poets and Arabic Literary Culture in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Origins, Themes, and Questions of Authenticity

Öz

Prior to the advent of Islam, Jews had a long-standing presence in Arabia. They migrated to the region and engaged in commercial, political, religious, and especially literary activities. Hence, they both influenced the dominant culture in the region and were influenced by it. Aside from their religious practices, their lifestyle and language were not isolated from the dominant culture. According to historical sources, the Jews of this period composed poems in Arabic, adopting the style of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. They also did not hesitate to write poems on prevalent themes of the Arabic literary tradition. Although Jewish poets and their poems mentioned in historical sources are limited, many of them have survived. The study of these poems provides insight into the literary and cultural practices of the pre-Islamic Jewish community. Additionally, this analysis addresses the debates concerning the authenticity of poems attributed to Jewish poets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arabic literature
• pre-Islamic poetry
• Jews in Arabia
• Jewish poets

Kaynakça

1. Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath ibn Isḥāq al-Sijistānī. Sunan Abī Dāwūd. 3 volumes. Beirut: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿādah, 2nd edition, 1950.
2. al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb. Al-Aṣmaʿiyyāt. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir - ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿārif, 5th edition, n.d.
3. Ayyıldız, Esat. “Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Yahudi Şairlere Düzenlenen Suikastlar”. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18 (October 2020), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.635935
4. al-Bakrī, Abū ʿUbayd ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Andalusī. Muʿjam mā istaʿjam min asmāʾ al-bilād wa-l-mawāḍiʿ. Edited by Muṣṭafá al-Saqqā. 4 volumes. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1996.
5. Baron, Salo Wittmayer. A Social and Religious History of the Jews, vol. 1: To the Beginning of the Christian Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2nd edition, 1952.
6. Baş, Mustafa. “Hicaz Yahudilerinin Menşe Problemi ve Tanrı Algıları”. İsrailiyat: İsrail ve Yahudi Çalışmaları Dergisi 1 (Winter 2017), 91-104.
7. al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī. Al-Jāmiʿ li-shuʿab al-īmān. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ḥāmid.14 volumes. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2003.
8. Buhan, Yusuf. Niftaveyh ve Maksûr-Memdûd Literatürü. Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2022.

9. al-Buḥturī, Abū ʿUbādah al-Walīd ibn ʿUbayd al-Ṭāʾī. Al-Ḥamāsah. Edited by Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Ḥuwwar - Aḥmad Muḥammad ʿAbīd. Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage, 2007.
10. al-Ḍabbī, Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿlá. Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir - ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 6th edition, n.d.
11. Darādikah, Ṣāliḥ Mūsá. Al-ʿAlāqāt al-ʿArabiyyah al-Yahūdiyyah ḥattá nihāyat ʿahd al-Khulafāʾ al-rāshidīn. Amman: al-Ahliyyah li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1992.
12. Efe, Gökhan. İslam Öncesi Arabistan’da Yahudilik. İstanbul: Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, 2002.
13. Feldman, Louis. Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
14. Gadd, C. J. “The Harran Inscriptions of Nabonidus.” Anatolian Studies 8 (1958), 35-92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642415
15. Gil, Moshe. Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages. Translated by David Strassler. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2004.
16. Gruen, Erich. “Diaspora and the ‘Assimilated’ Jew.” Early Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship. Edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn. 52-70. New York: New York University Press, 2018.
17. Hitti, Philip K. History of the Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present. London: MacMillan, 10th edition, 1993.
18. Isawi, Ahmed Hussein Mohammed. Arapça Kaynaklara Göre Hz. Muhammed Döneminde Medine Yahudileri. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, 2016.
19. al-Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Aghānī. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās - Ibrāhīm al-Saʿāfīn - Bakr ʿAbbās. 25 volumes. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 3rd edition, 2008.
20. al-Jumaḥī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Sallām ibn ʿUbayd Allāh. Ṭabaqāt fuḥūl al-shuʿarāʾ. Edited by Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Jeddah: Dār al-Madanī, n.d.
21. Kowalski, Tadeusz. “A Contribution to the Problem of the Authenticity of the Dīwān of as-Samau’al.” Archiv Orientální 3/1 (April 1931), 156-161.
22. “Ladino Language”. Britannica. Accessed 23 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ladino-language
23. Margoliouth, David Samuel. “A Poem Attributed to al-Samau’al.” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (April 1906), 363-371.
24. Margoliouth, David Samuel. The Relations Between Arabs and Israelites Prior to the Rise of Islam. London: Oxford University Press, 1924.
25. al-Marzubānī, Abū ʿUbayd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿImrān ibn Mūsá. Muʿjam al-shuʿarāʾ. Edited by Fārūq Aslīm. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 2005.
26. al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Sharḥ Dīwān al-Ḥamāsah li-Abī Tammām. Edited by Gharīd al-Shaykh. 4 volumes. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2003.
27. Newby, Gordon Darnell. “The Jews of Arabia at the Birth of Islam”. A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day. Edited by Abdelwahab Meddeb - Benjamin Stora. Translated by Jane Marie Todd - Michael B. Smith. 39-51. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
28. Monroe, James T. “Oral Composition in the Pre-Islamic Poetry”. Early Islamic Poetry and Poetics. Edited by Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych. 1-54. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Variorum, 2009.
29. Newby, Gordon Darnell. A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse under Islam. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
30. Nöldeke, Theodor. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der Alten Araber. Hannover: Carl Rümpler, 1864.
31. Safran, William. “The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective”. Israel Studies 10/1 (Spring 2005), 36-60.
32. al-Samawʾal ibn ʿĀdiyāʾ ibn Rifāʿah ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Kaʿb. Dīwān al-Samawʾal. Edited and commented by Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣamad. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1996.
33. Sbaihat, Ahlam - Albanna, Nama’. “Yathrib Jews’ Language(s): A Study Based on Authentic Ḥadiṯs”. Al-Jamiʿah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55/2 (2017), 327-356. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.552.327-356
34. Schwartz, Seth. The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
35. Shohat, Ella. “The Invention of Judeo-Arabic: Nation, Partition and the Linguistic Imaginary”. Interventions 19/2 (February 2017), 153-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2016.1218785
36. Stillman, Norman A. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America, 2010.
37. al-Tabrīzī, Abū Zakariyyā Yaḥyá ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Khaṭīb. Sharḥ Dīwān al-Ḥamāsah li-Abī Tammām. Edited by Gharīd al-Shaykh. 2 volumes. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000.
38. al-Ṭāʾī, Abū Tammām Ḥabīb ibn Aws ibn al-Ḥārith. Dīwān al-Ḥamāsah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim Aḥmad Ṣāliḥ. Baghdad: Dār al-Rashīd, 1980.
39. Torrey, Charles Cutler. The Jewish Foundation of Islam. New York: Jewish Institute of Religion Press, 1933.
40. Wolfensohn, Israel. Tārīkh al-Yahūd fī bilād al-ʿArab fī l-Jāhiliyyah wa-ṣadr al-Islām. Cairo: Lajnat al-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah wa-l-Nashr, 1927.
41. al-Yaʿqūbī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. 3 volumes. Najaf: Maṭbaʿat al-Ghurrī, 1939.
42. “Yiddish Language”. Britannica. Accessed 23 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yiddish-language