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The Muʿtazilism of al-Zamakhsharī: A Bahshamī or a Ḥusaynī?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 237 - 293, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2021.122.228

Öz

Al-Zamakhsharī’s Muʿtazilī identity is undisputed, aside from a few isolated assertions or inquiries to the contrary. In fact, alongside historical records that depict him as a loyal Muʿtazilī and even a propagandist for his madhhab, the opinions he expressed and the approaches he employed in his works serve as evidence for this claim. The two Muʿtazilī schools that operated during his time in the Muslim world, in particular in his own region of Khwārazm, were the Bahshamiyyah and the Ḥusayniyyah. Considering this fact, in terms of his theological identity, it could be asserted either that he is a member of one of the Bahshamī or Ḥusaynī schools or that he positions himself “in search of a broadly based, catholic Muʿtazilism” instead of taking a clear stand. This study, while providing partial evidence for the latter claim, argues that his Ḥusaynī identity is rather evident from his ideological stance and opinions.

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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 237 - 293, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2021.122.228

Öz

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  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. Faḍl al-iʿtizāl wa-ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilah wa-mubāyanatuhum li-sāʾir al-mukhālifīn. In Faḍl al-iʿtizāl wa-ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilah. Edited by Fuʾād Sayyid and Ayman Fuʾād Sayyid. Beirut: Orient-Institut Beirut, 2017.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. V (al-Firaq ghayr al-Islāmiyyah): Edited by Maḥmūd Muḥammad al-Khuḍayrī. Cairo: al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah, n.d.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. VI/1 (al-Taʿdīl wa-l-tajwīr): Edited by Aḥmad Fuʾād al-Ahwānī. Cairo: al-Muʾassasah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah wa-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 1962.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. VI/2 (al-Irādah): Edited by George C. Anawati. Cairo: al-Muʾassasah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah wa-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 1962.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. VIII (al-Makhlūq): Edited by Tawfīq al-Ṭawīl and Saʿīd Zāyid. Cairo: al-Muʾassasah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah wa-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, n.d.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. XIII (al-Luṭf): Edited by Abū l-ʿAlāʾ ʿAfīfī. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1962.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. XIV (al-Aṣlaḥ - Istiḥqāq al-dhamm - al-Tawbah): Edited by Muṣṭafá al-Saqqā. Cairo: al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah, 1965.
  • al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan Qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. vol. XV (al-Tanabbuʾāt wa-l-muʿjizāt): Edited by Maḥmūd al-Khuḍayrī and Maḥmūd Muḥammad Qāsim. Cairo: al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjamah, 1965.
  • al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad, al-Manṣūr bi-llāh Ibn al-Rashīd al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Zaydī. Kitāb al-Asās li-ʿaqāʾid al-akyās fī maʿrifat Rabb al-ʿālamīn wa-ʿadlihī fī l-makhlūqīn wa-mā yattaṣil bi-dhālik min uṣūl al-dīn. Edited by Albert Naṣrī Nādir. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿah, 1980.
  • al-Qazwīnī, Abū Yaḥyá Jamāl al-Dīn Zakariyyā ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd. Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.
  • al-Raṣṣāṣ, Abū Muḥammad Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. al-Barāhīn al-ẓāhirah al-jaliyyah ʿalá anna l-wujūd zāʾid ʿalá l-māhiyyah. Edited by Hassan Ansari. In A Common Rationality: Mutazilism in Islam and Judaism, edited by Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke, and David Sklare, 341-348. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2007.
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥusayn. Iʿtiqādāt firaq al-Muslimīn wa-l-mushrikīn. Edited by Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi-llāh al-Baghdādī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1986.
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥusayn. Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn fī uṣūl al-dīn. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 2004.
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥusayn. al-Maṭālib al-ʿāliyah min al-ʿilm al-ilāhī. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā. 9 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1987.
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥusayn. Muḥaṣṣal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-l-mutaʾakhkhirīn min al-ʿulamāʾ wa-l-ḥukamāʾ wa-l-mutakallimīn. Edited by Ṭāhā ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyyah, n.d.
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ḥusayn. al-Riyāḍ al-mūniqah fī ārāʾ ahl al-ʿilm. Edited by Asʿad Jumʿah. Kairouan: Kulliyyat al-Ādāb wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Insāniyyah bi-l-Qayrawān & Markaz al-Nashr al-Jāmiʿī, 2004.
  • al-Ṣābūnī, Nūr al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Maḥmūd. al-Kifāyah fī l-hidāyah. Edited by Muḥammad Ārūchī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2014.
  • Saleh, Walid A. The Formation of the Classical Tafsīr Tradition: The Qurʾān Commentary of al-Thaʿlabī (d. 427/1035). Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • al-Samarqandī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ashraf al-Ḥusaynī. al-Ṣaḥāʾif al-ilāhiyyah. Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sharīf. Kuwait: Maktabat al-Falāḥ, 1985.
  • Schmidtke, Sabine. The Theology of al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1991.
  • Schmidtke, Sabine. Introduction to A Muʿtazilite Creed of az-Zamaḫšarî (d. 538/1144) (al-Minhâğ fî uṣûl ad-dîn) by Abū l-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar ibn Muḥammad al-Khwārazmī al-Zamakhsharī, 7-11. Edited and translated by Sabine Schmidtke. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1997.
  • al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Tāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm. al-Milal wa-l-niḥal. Edited by Muḥammad Sayyid Kīlānī. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1975.
  • al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Nuʿmān al-Ḥārithī al-ʿUkbarī. Awāʾil al-maqālāt fī l-madhāhib wa-l-mukhtārāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1983.
  • al-Suyūrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Jamāl al-Dīn Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Irshād al-ṭālibīn ilá Nahj al-mustarshidīn. Edited by Mahdī al-Rajāʾī. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-ʿĀmmah, 1405 AH.
  • al-Suyūṭī, Abū l-Faḍl Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr ibn Muḥammad. Bughyat al-wuʿāh fī ṭabaqāt al-lughawiyyīn wa-l-nuḥāh. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1979.
  • al-Suyūṭī, Abū l-Faḍl Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr ibn Muḥammad. Ṭabaqāt al-mufassirīn. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah, 1976.
  • al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Ḥāshiyah ʿalá l-Kashshāf. Edited by ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ ʿĪsá al-Barbarī. In “Taḥqīq al-juzʾ al-awwal min Ḥāshiyat al-ʿAllāmah Saʿd al-Taftāzānī ʿalá l-Kashshāf li-l-Zamakhsharī” (PhD diss.). Cairo: Jāmiʿat al-Azhar, 1978.
  • al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid al-Nasafiyyah. Edited by Ṭāhā ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd. Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azhariyyah li-l-Turāth, 2000.
  • al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿUmayrah. 5 vols. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1998.
  • al-Ṭībī, Abū Muḥammad Sharaf al-Dīn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Futūḥ al-ghayb fī l-kashf ʿan qināʿ al-rayb wa-huwa Ḥāshiyat al-Ṭībī ʿalá l-Kashshāf. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, ʿUmar Ḥasan al-Qiyyām, Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad al-ʿUmarī, Ṣāliḥ ibn Nāṣir al-Nāṣir, Jamīl Muḥammad Banī ʿAṭā, Ḥamzah Muḥammad Wasīm al-Bakrī, Luṭfī ibn Muḥammad al-Zughayyir, and Yūsuf ʿAbd Allāh al-Jawārnah. 17 vols. Dubai: Jāʾizat Dubay al-Dawliyyah li-l-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 2013.
  • Watt, W. Montgomery. Islamic Philosophy and Theology: An Extended Survey. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1985.
  • al-Zamakhsharī, Abū l-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar ibn Muḥammad al-Khwārazmī. al-Kashshāf ʿan ḥaqāʾiq ghawāmiḍ al-tanzīl wa-ʿuyūn al-aqāwīl fī wucūh al-taʾwīl. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 6 vols. Riyadh: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 1998.
  • al-Zamakhsharī, Abū l-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar ibn Muḥammad al-Khwārazmī. Muʿtezile Akāidi: Kitâbü’l-Minhâc fî usûli’d-dîn. Edited and translated with an introduction by Ulvi Murat Kılavuz and Abdulkerim İskender Sarıca. Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2021.
  • Zarzūr, ʿAdnān. al-Ḥākim al-Jushamī wa-manhajuhū fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1971.
Toplam 130 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ulvi Murat Kılavuz 0000-0002-5095-9522

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kılavuz, Ulvi Murat. “The Muʿtazilism of Al-Zamakhsharī: A Bahshamī or a Ḥusaynī?”. Ilahiyat Studies 12/2 (Aralık 2021), 237-293. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2021.122.228.

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