Düzensiz Göç ve Sendikaların Yaklaşımı: Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de sendikaların düzensiz /kaçak göçmen işçilere karşı yaklaşımını ve eğer var ise söz konusu gruba ilişkin faaliyetlerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada, sendikaların düzensiz göçmen işçiliğe yönelik tutumlarını içeren tartışmalar ve Türkiye’ye yönelen düzensiz göç akımları incelendikten sonra, Türkiye’de sendikaların düzensiz göçe ilişkin tutumlarını içeren alan çalışmasının sonuçları sunulacaktır. Alan çalışması, amaca yönelik örneklem tekniğine uygun olarak seçilen konfederasyon, sendika ve şube düzeyinde yöneticiler ile gerçekleştirilen yarı-yapılandırılmış mülakatlara dayanmaktadır. Ayrıca, mülakatları desteklemek üzere, seçilmiş sendikaların yayınları ve Genel Kurul Raporları taranmıştır. Çalışma, düzensiz göçmen işçiliğin, Türkiye’de sendikacılığın yaşadığı yapısal sorunlar ve işgücü piyasasının özellikleri nedeniyle, sendikaların gündemine yabancı bir konu olduğunu göstermektedir. Alan çalışmasının bulguları sonucunda, sendikaların düzensiz göçmen işgücüne karşı spesifik bir strateji geliştirmedikleri ve konuyu enformel istihdam kapsamında değerlendirdikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, sendikacıların göçmen işçilere karşı negatif bir tutum içerisinde olmadığı da görülmektedir. Enformel istihdam ve düzensiz göçmen işgücü sorununu çözmede ise, sendikalar tarafından tanımlanan öncelikli aktör ise devlettir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Düzensiz göç, uluslararası emek göçü, sendikacılık, düzensiz göçmen işgücü, enformel istihdam

Irregular Migration and Trade Union Responses: The Case Of Turkey

Öz

This paper aims to explore the attitudes of Turkish trade unions towards irregular migrant labour and their activities on the issue if any. After a review of the debate on trade union attitude towards irregular migrant work and background information on irregular migration to Turkey, the findings of the field survey on the attitudes of Turkish trade unions towards irregular migration is presented. The survey is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with trade unionists at the confederation, trade union and branch levels, chosen by purposive sampling. Screening of the selected trade union publications and General Congress Reports for an evaluation of how the irregular migration is situated in the trade union agenda is used to support the interviews. This study indicates that as a result of both the characteristics of the labour market in Turkey and structural problems of trade unions, irregular migrant labour remain as an issue alien to the established agenda of trade unions. According to findings from survey, trade unions have no specific strategy with regard to irregular migrant labour and address the issue in the context of informal employment. On the other hand no negative attitude has been developed against migrant workers. The State is regarded as the principal actor in tackling informal employment and irregular migrant labour.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Irregular migration, international labour migration, trade unionism, irregular migrant labour, informal employment

Kaynakça

1. Agtas, Ö.B.; Sauviat. L. and Amler, B. (2007), Why not Organising ? Trade Unions and Precarious Migrant Workers in Germany, South Korea and Spain, Mas- ter Thesis submitted to Global Labour University, Berlin.
2. Castles, S. and Miller, M.J.(2003), The Age of Migration, Palgrave Mac Millan, 3th. Edition, England.
3. Çelik, A. and Lordoğlu, K. (2006); “The Problems of Trade Union Membership Official Statistics in Turkey”, Journal of Labour and Society, No:9: 11-30. (in Turkish).
4. Çiçekli, B.(2004), Work Permits for Foreig- ners, Publication No:240, Confederation of Turkish Employer Organizations (TİSK), Ankara (in Turkish).
5. ÇSGB (2008), 2007 Report of Ministry of La- bour and Social Security Ankara. (in Turkish).
6. Denscombe, M. (2000), The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Projects, Open University Press, Phila- delphia.
7. Emek Platformu (2001), The Program of La- bour Platform, http://e- kutuphane.bes.org.tr/pdf/685.pdf(in Turkish).
8. Emek Platformu (2002), The Program of La- bour Platform, http://www.tmmob.org.tr/genel/biz- den_detay.php?kod=3243&tipi=16 (in Turkish)

9. Erder, S. and Kaşka, S.(2003), Irregular Mig- ration and Trafficking in Women: The Case of Turkey, IOM, Geneva.
10. Erder, S.(2007), “ Foreigners in Turkey cons- tructed without foreigners”, in Foreign Workers in Turkey: International Mig- ration, Labour and Population Move- ments (ed: Aylan Arı) Derin Yayınları, İstanbul: 1-82. (in Turkish)
11. Erdoğdu, S. (2006), International Trade Unionism in the Era of Globalization, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi (in Turkish).
12. Erdoğdu, S. (2007), “The Labour Platform: An Alliance of Trade Unions in Tur- key”, V. Schmidt (ed.), Trade Union Responses to Globalization, Internatio- nal Labour Office, Cenevre.
13. Erdoğdu, S.(2008), The Movement of Natu- ral Persons in Services Trading, İmaj Yayınları, Ankara. (in Turkish).
14. Erdoğdu, S. and Toksöz, G. (1998), Women in Labour Unions, İmge Publications, Ankara. (in Turkish).
15. Ford, M. (2004), “Organizing the Unorgani- zable: Unions, NGOs and Indonesian Migrant Labour”, International Migra- tion, 42(5): 99-119.
16. Friedrich Ebert Foundation (1995), Illegal Foreign Workers in Turkey, İstanbul. (in Turkish).
17. Gençler, A.(2008), “ Labour Globalization with informalization : Illegal Labour Migration in Turkey”, in Is the Turkish Labour class and movement globalizing ?Publication of Foundation of Social Re- search and Center of Class Research in Turkey, İstanbul: 25-50. (in Turkish).
18. Gökbayrak, Ş.(2003), Municipalities Privati- zation and Labour Relations, Tezler Di- zisi: 12, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara. (in Turkish).
19. Güzel, A. and Bayram, F.(2007), “The Rights and Permits of Foreigners in Turkish Laws” in Foreign Workers in Turkey: International Migration, La- bour and Population Movements (ed: Aylan Arı) , Derin Yayınları, İstanbul: 157-206. (in Turkish).
20. Haus, L. (1995), “Openings in the wall: Transnational Migrants, Labor Unions and U.S. Immigration Policy”, Interna- tional Organization, 49(2) : 285-313.
21. http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/cache/of- fonce/pid/1674?entryId=20275
22. İçduygu, A.(2004), Irregular Migration to Turkey, Publication of Istanbul Cham- ber of Commerce, No:2004-65, Istanbul. (in Turkish).
23. İçduygu, A.(2005), Transit Migration in Tur- key: Trends, Patterns, and Issues, Euro- pean University Institute, CARIM Research Report, Florence.
24. İçduygu, A.(2006), The Labour Dimensions of Irregular Migration in Turkey, Euro- pean University Institute, CARIM Re- search Report, Florence.
25. IOM (2008), World Migration Report 2008 : Managing Labour Mobility in the evol- ving global
26. Economy http://publications.iom.int/bo- okstore/index.php?main_page=index& cPath=37 4.03.2009
27. Kaşka, S.(2007), “ Globalization of Domestic Works and Migrant Women in Tur- key”, in ForeignWorkers in Turkey: In- ternational Migration, Labour and Population Movements (ed: Aylan Arı) Derin Yayınları, İstanbul: 225-240. (in Turkish).
28. Kıral, H. (2006), The Work Principles of Fo- reigners in Turkey, TİSK Publication No: 270, Ankara. (in Turkish).
29. Koray, M. and Çelik A. (2007), Social Dialog in the EU and Turkey, Belediye-İş Ya- yınları, Ankara. (in Turkish).
30. Lordoğlu, K.(2007), ”New Foreigners in La- bour Market: Some Consequences and Evaluations from the research”, in Fo- reign Workers in Turkey: International Migration, Labour and Population Mo- vements (ed: Aylan Arı) ,Derin Yayın- ları, İstanbul:83-128. (in Turkish).
31. Lüthje, B. and Scherrer, C. (2001), “Race, Multiculturalism and Labour Organi- zing in the United States: Lessons for Europe”, Capital &Class, 73: 141-171.
32. Milkman, R. (2000), “Immigrant Organizing and The New Labor Movement in Los Angeles”, Critical Sociology, 26 (1-2): 59- 81.
33. Özuğurlu, M. (2008), “Working Class for- mation and crises of trade union move- ment in Turkey” paper presented at Irregular Migration, Informal Economy and Pathways to Decent Work in a Glo- balising Economy Workshop 4-5 De- cember 2008, Istanbul.
34. Penninx, R. and Roosblad, J. (2000), Trade Unions, Immigration and Immigrants in Europe, 1960-1993 : A Comparative Study of Attitudes and Actions of Trade Unions in Seven West European Coun- tries, Berghahn Books.
35. Tanyılmaz, K. and Kurtulmuş - Kıroğlu, M.(2007), “Migrant Workers in Turkey and Their effects on Labour Market”, in Foreign Workers in Turkey: Internatio- nal Migration, Labour and Population Movements (ed: Aylan Arı) ,Derin Ya- yınları, İstanbul:129-156. (in Turkish).
36. Terzi, Ş. (2007), “Tahtakale’nin Çinli Kemal ve Orhan ağabeyleri”, Hürriyet, 13. 05. 2007.
37. Toksöz, G. (2007), “Informal Labour Markets and The Need for Migrant Workers: The Case of Turkey from Comparative Perspective”, Irregular Migration, In- formal Labour and Community: a Chal- lenge for Europe, (eds: Erik Berggren, Branka Likic- Brboric, Gülay Toksöz ve Nicos Trimikliniotis), Shaker Publis- hing: 183-198.
38. TUİK (2009), Household Labour Research Bulletin, No:8, 5 January, 2009. (in Tur- kish).
39. Urhan, B. and Selamoğlu, A. (2008), “La- bour Behaviors and Attitudes to Trade Unions in Turkey: The Case of Turkey”, Journal of Labour and Society, 2008/3: 171-198. (in Turkish).
40. Wrench, J. (2004), “Trade Union Responses to Immigrants and Ethnic Inequality in Denmark and UK: The Context of Con- sensus and Conflict”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 10(1) : 7–30.
41. General Congress Reports of Trade Unions
42. Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions (TÜRK-İŞ), 17th- 20th General Congress Reports (in Turkish).
43. Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (DİSK), 9th- 13th General Congress Reports (in Turkish).
44. Hak-Is Trade Union Confederation, (HAK- İŞ) 10th- 11th General Congress Reports (in Turkish).
45. Tek Gıda İş 13th General Congress Report (in Turkish).
46. Belediye İş 8th General Congress Report (in Turkish).
47. Öz İplik-İş 9th- 10th General Congress Re- ports. (in Turkish).
48. Öz Gıda-İş 10th- 11th General Congress Re- ports. (in Turkish).
49. Hizmet İş 9th General Congress Report. (in Turkish)