İstihdam Bağlamında Neo Liberal Yaklaşıma Post Keynesyen Karşı Duruş: Devletin Nihai İşveren Olma Rolü

Öz

Bu çalışma, devletin nihai işveren olma rolü (DNİOR) üzerindeki yazını ela almakta ve Arjantin ile Hindistan’daki uygulamaları tartışmaktadır. DNİOR programı, özel sektör istihdamının sürekli bir tamamlayıcısı olarak görülebilir. Böylece, Post Keynesyenler DNİOR’un tam istihdama ulaşılmasında ve sürdürülmesinde kapitalist ekonomilere yardım edebileceğini ileri sürmektedirler. Post Keynesyenler egemen bir ulus için DNİOR programının finansmanının sorun olmayacağını ileri sürmektedirler. Arjantin ve Hindistan deneyimleri şunu göstermektedir: DNİOR programı, çalışmanın anlamının yeniden tanımlanmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Bu çalışma, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde DNİOR programının uygulanmasını önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Devletin Nihai İşveren Olma Rolü, Post Keynesyen Ekonomi, Neo Liberal Politikalar, Arjantin, Hindistan

Post Keynesıan Response Agaınst Neolıberal Polıces In Employment Context: Employer Of Last Resort (Elr)

Abstract

This paper provides a survey of Employer of Last Resort (ELR) and discusses ELR experiences in Argentina and India. An ELR program is seen as a permanent complement to private sector employment. Therefore, Post Keynesian economics suggests that ELR might assist capitalist economies in attaining and maintaining full employment.It argues that for a sovereign nation, there is no question of the financial affordability of an ELR program. Experiences in Argentina and India demonstrate that ELR program can contribute to redefinition of the meaning of work. This paper offers implementation of ELR program, especially for developing countries.

Keywords

• Employer of Last Resort, Post Keynesian Economics, Neoliberal Policy, Argentian, India

Kaynakça

1. CFEPS, http:/www.cfeps.org
2. CoFEE, http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee
3. Dreze, Jean (2008), Employment Guarantee: Beyond Propaganda, The Hindu, 11701/2008.
4. Fostater, Mathew (2006), Tax-Driven Money: Additional Evidence from the History of Economic Thought, Economic His- tory and Economic Policy. Complexity, Endogenous Money and Macroecono- mic Theory içinde Mark Setterfield (derl.), Edward Elgar.
5. Fostater, Mathew (2002), Full Employment Policies Must Consider Effective De- mand and Structural and Technological Change: A Prime Point of Pasinetti’s Political Economy, A Post Keynesian Perspective on 21st Century Economic Problems içinde Paul Davidson(derl.), Edward Elgar.
6. Fullwiler, Scott (2003), Further Simulations of An Employer of Last Resort Policy, CFEEPS, Working Paper no:27.
7. Gaiha, Raghav (2005), Does the Employment Guarantee Scheme Benefit the Rural Poor in India, Some Recent Evidence, Asian Survey, November/December 2005, Vol. 45, No. 6, s. 949–969
8. Gaiha, Raghav (2006), The Maharastra Em- ployment Guarantee Scheme: India, Po- licy Brief 6, February.

9. Gordon, Wendell (1997), Job Assurance: The Job Guarantee Revisited, Journal of Economic Issues 32 (3), s. 826–834.
10. Harvey, Philip (1989), Securing the Right to Employment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. International Labour Office (2007) , Global Employment Trend Brief, 25 January.
12. Işık, Sayım (2004), Para, Finans ve Kriz, Akçağ Yayıncılık, Ankara.
13. Jaffer PC, (2007), India’s National Rural Em- ployment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA)-Localised Implementation in Gulbarga District of Karnataka, h t t p : / / w w w . s o l u t i o n e x c h a n g e - un.net.in/NREGA/documents/NREG A-Gulbarg.pdf
14. Juniper, James ve Mitchell W. (2005), To- wards a Spatial Keynesian Macroeco- nomics, CofFEE, Working Paper no: 05-09.
15. Kaboub, Fadhel (2007a), Employment Gua- rantee Programs: A Survey of Theories and Policy Experiences”, The Levy Eco- nomics Institute of Bard College, Wor- king Paper no:498, s.1-23.
16. Kaboub, Fadhel (2007b), ELR-led Economic Development: A Plan for Tunisia, The Levy Economics Institute of Bard Col- lege, Working Paper no:499, s. 1-30.
17. Kadlos, G.A ve O’Hara, P. (2002), The Taxes- Drive-Money and Employment of Last Resort Approach to Goverment Policy, Journal of Economic and Social Policy, 5, s. 1-22.
18. Kaldor, Nicholas (1986), The Scourge of Mo- netarism,New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Kaldor, N. ve J.Trivithick (1981), A Keyne- sian Perspective on Money, Lloyds Bank Review, January. Londan,
20. Kalecki, Michal, (1971), Selected Essays on the Dynamics of the Capitalist Eco- nomy, 1939-1970.New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Keynes, J. Maynard, (1997), The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, Great Minds Series, Promet- heus Book, Amherst, New York.
22. Kitson, M, J.Michie ve H. Sutherland (1997), A Price Well Worth Paying? The Bene- fits of A Full Employment Strategy, Employment and Economic Perfor- mance: Jobs,Inflation and Growth içinde Michie ve Smith (derl.), Oxford University Press.
23. Knapp, George Friedrich (1924), .The State Theory of Money, Clifton: Augustus M.Kelley.
24. Kregel, Jan (1999), Price Stability and Full Employment as Complements in a New Europe: A Market-Based Price Stabili- zation Policy for the New ECB, Full Em- poyment and Price Stability in a Global Economy içinde P. Davidson and J.Kre- gel (derl.), Edward Elgar.
25. Kregel, Jan (2006), “ELR as an Alternative Development Strategy”, Employment Guarantee Policies: Theory and Prac- tice, A Conference of The Levy Institute of Bard College.
26. Lerner, Abba (1943), Financial Finance and the Federal Debt, Social Research, 10, February., s. 38-57.
27. Lerner, Abba P. (1947), Money as a Creature of the State, American Economic Re- view. 37, s.312-317.
28. Majewski, Raymond (2004), Simulating an Employer of Last Resort Program, Growth, Distribution, and Effective De- mand: Alternatives to Economic Orto- hoxy, Essay in Honor of Edward J.Nell içinde, M.E.Sharpe Inc.
29. Minsky, Hyman (1965), The Role of Em- ployment Policy, Poverty in America içinde S. Gordon (derl.), CA: Chandler.
30. Minsky, Hyman (1986), Stabilizing an Uns- table Economy, London: Yale Univer- sity Press.
31. Mitchell, William (1998), The Buffer Stock Employment Model and the NAIRU: The Path to Full Employment. Journal of Economic Issues 32(2), s. 547–556.
32. Mitchell, William (2001), The Job Guarantee and Inflation Control, Achieving Gull Employment. içinde Ellen Carlson and William F. Mitchell (derl.), Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
33. Mitchell, William F. ve Martin J. Watts. 1997. The Path to Full Employment, Austra- lian Economic Review 30(4), s. 433–435.
34. Moore, Basil J. (1988), Horizontalist and Ver- ticalist: The Macroecomics of Credit Money. New York: Cambridge Univer- sity Press.
35. Moore, Basil J. (1989), The Endogeneity of Credit Money, Review of Political Eco- nomy, 1, 1: 65-93.
36. Mosler, Warren ( 1997-98), Full Employ- ment and Price Stability, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, vol. 20. no. 2. 167-182.
37. Mosler, Warren ve Forstater M. (1999), A Ge- neral Framework for the Analysis of Currencies and Commodities, Full Em- ployment and Price Stability in a Global Economy içinde P. Davidson and J.Kregel (derl.), Edward Elgar.
38. Nell, Edward J. (1988), Prosperity and Pub- lic Spending: Transformational Growth and the Role of Government. Boston, MA: Unwin Hymann.
39. Palley, Thomas (2007), Reviving Full Em- ployment Policy: Challenging The Wall Street Paradigm, EPI, Briefing Paper 191, Economic Policy Institute, June.
40. Pandey, A.P.(2006), The New Employment Guarantee Scheme – A Radical Deal for India’s Poor, h t t p : / / 1 2 9 . 3 . 2 0 . 4 1 / e p s / g e t / p a - pers/0511/0511003.doc
41. Papadimitriou, Dimitri, Mathew Forstater, and Randall Wray (1998), Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program, The Levy Eco- nomics Institute of Bard College, Re- port, 8 (3), s. 5–8.
42. Rochon, Louis-P. ve M. Vernenge (2003), State Money and Real World: Or Char- talism and Its Discontents, JPKE, 26 (1), s. 57-67.
43. Rousseas, Stephen, (1986), Post Keynesian Monetary Economics. New York: M.E, Sharp, Armonk.
44. Sawyer, Malcolm (2003), Empoyer of Last Resort: Could It Deliver Full Employ- ment and Price Stability?, Journal of Economic Issues.
45. Seccareccia, M. (1999), What Type of Full Employment: A Critical Evaluation of ELR Policy Proposal, paper, CEA-PEF, University of Toronto (May).
46. Sjoblom, Disa ve John Farrington (2008), The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Will it reduce poverty and boost the economy?, Project Brie- fing No 7, January.
47. Tcherneva, Pavlina (2005), The Economic Viability of Universal Guarantees in So- vereign Currency Nations, CFEPS Wor- king Paper No:49.
48. Tcherneva, P. ve Wray (2005a), Is Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort Prog- ram?: An Assesment of Argentina’s abi- lity to Deliver the Promise of Full Employment and Price Stability, CFEPS Working Paper No:43.
49. Tcherneva, P. ve Wray (2005b), Employer of Last Resort: A Case Study of Argenti- na’s Jefes Program, CFEPS Working Paper No:41
50. Tcherneva, P. ve Wray (2005c), Gender and the Job Guarantee: The Impact of Ar- gentina’s Jefes Program on Female Heads of Householder, CFEPS Wor- king Paper No:41
51. Vickrey, William S. (1992), Chock-Full Em- ployment without Increased Inflation,, American Economic Review 82, (2), s. 341–345.
52. Wray, L. Randall (1998), Understanding Modern Money: The Key to Full Em- ployment and Price Stability. Chelten- ham, UK: Edward Elgar.
53. Wray, Randall L. (1990), Money and Credit in Capitalist Economics: The Endoge- nous Money Approach. Aldershot: Ed- ward Elgar.
54. Wray, Randall L. (2000), The Employer of Last Resort Approach to Full Employ- ment, CFEPS Working Paper no:9.
55. Wray, Randall L. (2001), Money and Infla- tion, A New Guide to Post Keynesian Economics içinde R. P.F.Holt and S. Pressman (derl.), Routledge, London and New York.
56. Wray, Randall L. (2003), The Neo-Chartalist Appoach to Money, The State, The Mar- ket and The Euro, (ed. S.A.Bell and E.Nell), Edward Elgar.
57. Wray, Randall L. (2007), “The Employer of Last Resort Programme: Could It Work for Developing Countries?”, Economic and Labour Market Papers, İnternatio- nal Labour Office, Geneva.