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Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 51 - 77, 01.03.2015

Doç. Dr. İsmail Şiriner

Öz

Profesör Muhammed Yunus’a Nobel Ödülü verildikten sonra, mikrokredi uygulamaları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar hızla artmaya başlamıştır. İlgili yazında, bu kapsamda özellikle azgelişmiş ülkelere yönelik gerçekleştirilen birçok başarılı ve başarısız mikrokredi uygulaması söz konusudur. Bu çalışmaların birçoğunda, dünya çapında mikrokredilerin yoksulluğu azaltması ve ekonomiye katkıları sorgulanmıştır. Bu tartışmalar halen de devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada amaç, genelde dünya’da özelde ise Türkiye’de mikrokredi çalışmalarının gözden geçirilmesi ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesidir. Mikrokredinin istihdam, yoksulluk, gelir dağılımı ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri ele alınmış, Türkiye’de son on yıllık süreçte mikrokredi üzerine yapılan çalışmalara dair bir çerçeve oluşturularak, ileriye yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikrokredi Makro Ekonomi Ekonomik Büyüme

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Dale W, and J.D. Von Pischke (1992), Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja vu, World Development (20), 1463-1470.
  • Akbıyık, Nihat; Levent Şahin (2010), “Mikrokredi Uygulaması ve ekonomik Kriz”, I. Turgut Özal Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Kongresi: Küresel Krizler ve Ekonomik Yönetişim, 15-16 Nisan 2010, Malatya.
  • Altay, Asuman (2007), “Küreselleşen Yoksulluk Olgusunun Önlenmesinde Mikrofinansman Yaklaşımı”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Cilt: 44, Sayı: 510, 57-67.
  • Amin, Sajeda; Ashok S. Rai; Giorgio Topa (2003), “Does Microcredit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 70, 59-82.
  • Anderson C. Leigh; Laura Locker; Rachel Nugent (2002), “Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources”, World Development, Vol. 30, No: 1, 95-105.
  • Artukoğlu, M. Metin (2009), “Micro Credit Applications for Decreasing of Poverty in the World and Turkey”, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 46, No: 3, 225-230.
  • Aşçı, Zeynep ve Kürşar Demiryürek (2008), “Kırsal Yoksullukla Mücadelede Yeni Adım: Mikrokredi”, Harran Üniversitesi Z.F. Dergisi, 12 (4), 73-79.
  • Aşçı, Zeynep ve Kürşar Demiryürek (2008). “Kırsal Yoksullukla Mücadelede Yeni Adım: Mikrokredi”, HR.Ü.Z.F.Dergisi, No: 12, Vol. 4, 73-79.
  • Berger, Marguerite; Lara Goldmark; Tomás Miller-Sanabria (2006), An Inside View of Latin American Microfinance, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington.
  • Bhatta, Gambhir (2001), “Small is Indeed Beautiful but...: The Context of Microcredit Strategies in Nepal”, Policy Studies Journal (29), 283-295
  • Bhattacharyay, Madhurima (2010), “Enhancing Inclusiveness of the Indian Financial Sector - the Role of Microfinance”, (Based on work An Unpublished Master Desertation, Cornell Institute of Public Affairs, Cornell University, May 2007), www.csird.org.in/pdf/DP43.pdf.
  • Borzaga, Carlo, Giulia Galera, Rocio Nogales (2008), Social Enterprise: A New Model For Poverty Reduction and Employment Generatıon An Examination of the Concept and Practice in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, UNDP.
  • Brau JC, Woller GM (2004) Microfinance: a comprehensive review of the existing literature. Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures 9(1): 1–26. www.aoef.org/Editorial Office/attachments/Vol9_issues1/JEF_200404_v09_i01_p1.pdf.
  • Burritt, Kiendel (2003), “Microfinance in Turkey: A Sector Assessment Report”, UNDP, No: 2, 1 - 4 5 http://www.undp.org.tr/docAndPucDocuments//MicrofinanceSectorAssessment_UNDP-Turkey.p df
  • Can, Muharrem (2008), Mikrofinans Yönteminin Yoksullukla Mücadelede Kullanımı ve Türkiye’de İşsizliği Önlemede Uygulanabilirliği, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi).
  • Can, Yeşim; Aslı Karataş (2007), “Yerel Ekonomilerde Kalkınmanın İtici Gücü Olarak Kadın Girişimcilerin Rolü ve Mikro Finansman: Muğla İli Örneği”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İİBF Dergisi, Mayıs, Yerel Ekonomiler Özel Sayısı, 251-261.
  • Chen, Martha and Donald Snodgrass (2001). “Managing Resources, Activities, and Risk in U r b a n I n d i a : T h e I m p a c t o f M i c r o f i n a n c e ” , A I M S P a p e r , http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACN572.pdf
  • Chowdhury, M. Jahangir Alam, Dipak Ghosh Robert E. Wright (2005). “The Impact of Micro-Credit on Poverty: Evidence from Bangladesh”, Progress in Development Studies 5 (4), 298– 309.
  • Conroy, John D., Paul B. McGuire (2000), “The Microfinance Phenomenon", Asia- Pacific Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 90-108.
  • Çak, Demet (2007), Kalkınmanın Finansmanının Sağlanmasında Mikrokredi Yöntemi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi SBE), İstanbul.
  • De Aghion, Beatriz Armandariz ve Jonathan Morduch, (2005), The Economics of Microfinance, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005.
  • Deheija, Rajeev; Heather Montgomery; Jonathan Morduch (2005), “Do Interest Rates Matter? Credit Demand in the Dhaka Slums”. ADB Institute Research Paper, No:69, October. www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/cgsd/documents/morduch.pdf.
  • Deviren, Yurtsever Nurşen (2009), Küresel Yoksullukla Mücadelede Mikrokredilerin Rolü”, MUFAD Dergisi, Yıl:11, Sayı:137, Mayıs. http://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2009/05a/02.htm.
  • Dichter, Thomas (1996), “Questioning the Future of NGOs in Microfinance”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 8, No: 2, 1996, 259-269.
  • Dolun, Leyla (2005), Mikro Finansman, (Uzmanlık Tezi, Kalkınma Bankası), Nisan, Ankara. http://www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/raporlar/ESA/ga/2007-GA/GA-07-05-28_Mikro_Finansm an.pdf.
  • Döşeyen, Adil (2007), Yoksullukla Mücadele Programlarından Mikrokredi ve Türkiye Diyarbakır Örneği Başarı Değerlendirmesi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi) İstanbul.
  • Dunford, Christopher (2006), “Evidence of Microfinance’s Contribution to A c h i e v i n g t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s ” , F r e e d o m f r o m H u n g e r , www.freedomfromhunger.org/pdfs/mf_contributions_to_mdg.pdf.
  • Dündar, Ozan (2007), Mikro Finans, (Yayınlanmamış Uzamnlık Tezi, Kalkınma Bankası: A n k a r a ) . www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/raporlar/ESA/ga/2007-GA/GA-07-05-28MikroFinansman. pdf
  • Elahi, Khandakar Qudrat-I and Rahman, M. Lutfor (2006), “Micro-Credit and Micro-Finance: Functional and Conceptual Differences”, Development in Practice, Vol. 16, No: 5, 476–483.
  • Gökyay, Çağatay (2008), Türkiye’de Mikro Kredi Uygulamaları ve İstihdama Yansımaları, (Yayınlanmamış Uzamnlık Tezi, Türkiye İş Kurumu (İŞ-KUR), Ankara).
  • Harris, Sam Daley (2009), State of The Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, http://www.microcreditsummit.org/uploads/socrs/SOCR2009_English.pdf
  • Helms, Brigit (2006), Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems, CGAP World Bank.
  • Helmut Grossmann (2006), “Demand Study for Micro-Finance in Turkey: Results from a Field Survey”, Bankakademie International UNDP, www.undp.org.tr/annDocuments/MFDEMANDShort Report.pdf.
  • Hermes, Niels; Robert Lensink (2007), “Impact of Microfinance: A Critical Survey”, Economic and Political Weekly, The H T Parekh Finance Forum, February 10, 462-465.
  • Hossain, Farhad (2002), “Small Loans, Big Claims”, Foreign Policy, Vol.2, 79-81
  • Hossain, Farhad ve Tonya Knight (2008), “BWPI Working Paper 38Financing the Poor: Can Microcredit Make a Difference? Empirical Observations From Bangladesh”, BWPI Working Papers No: 38, February, 1-14.
  • Hulme, David (2000), “Impact Assessment Methodologies For Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice. World Development Vol. 28, No: 1, 79–88.
  • Hulme, David ve Paul Mosley (ed.) (1996), Finance Against the Poor (Cilt 1 ve 2), London: Routledge.
  • ISEDAK (2007), “Yoksulluğun Önlenmesinde Mikrokredi Uygulamaları ve Türkiye”, http://www.comcec.org/EN/ belge/arsiv/pdf/TURKEY%2023-07%20CR%281%29TR.pdf.
  • James C. Brau, Gary M. Woller (2004), “Microfinance: A Comprehensive Review of the Existing Literature”, Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures Vol. 9, 1-26.
  • Karlan, Dean S. (2001), “Microfinance Impact Assessments: The Perils of Using New Members as a Control Group”, Journal of Microfinance, Vol. 3, No: 2, 75-85.
  • Kevane, Michael and Bruce Wydic, Kevane & Wydic (2001), “Microenterprise Lending to Female Entrepreneurs: Sacrificing Economic Growth for Poverty Alleviation?”, World Development, (29), 1225-1236.
  • Khandker, Shahid (2001), “Does Micro-finance Really Benefit the Poor? Evidence from Bangladesh”, Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty: Asian Development Bank. Manila. http://www.adb.org/ poverty/forum/pdf/Khandker.pdf
  • Khandker, Shahidur R. (2005), “Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh”, World Economic Review, Vol. 19, No: 2, 263-286.
  • Khandker, Shahidur R., Hussain A. Samad, and Zahed H. Khan (1998), “Income and Employment Effects of Micro-Credit Programmes: Village-Level Evidence from Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Studies (35), 96-124.
  • Littlefield, Elizabeth, Syed Hashemi, Jonathan Morduch “Is Microfinance an Effective Strategy t o R e a c h t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s ? ” J a n u a r y , 2 0 0 3 , http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9. 2568/FN24.pdf.
  • Makina D, Malobola LM (2004) “Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes, Including Lessons from Khula Enterprise Finance”. Development Southern Africa Vol. 21, No. 5, 799–814.
  • Mallick, Ross (2002), “Implementing and Evaluating Microcredit in Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, Vol. 12, No: 2, May. 153-163.
  • Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, (2002), “Who Cares? The Personal and Professional Problems of NGO Fieldworkers in Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, Vol. 12, 177-191.
  • Mokbul Morshed Ahmad; (2003), “Distant Voices: the Views of the Field Workers of NGOs in Bangladesh on Microcredit”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 169, No. 1, March 2003, 65-74.
  • Moll, Henk A. J. (2005), “Microfinance and Rural Development: Long-Term Perspective”, Journal of Microfinance, Vol. 7, No: 2, 13-31.
  • Montgomery, Heather ve John Weiss (2005), “Great Expectations: Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia and Latin America”, ADB Institute Research Paper, No. 63, February. http://unpan1.un.org/ intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan021002.pdf.
  • Montgomery, Heather ve John Weiss (2011), “Can Commercially-oriented Microfinance Help Meet the Millennium Development Goals? Evidence from Pakistan”, World Development, Vol. 39, No: 1, January, 87-109.
  • Morduch, Jonathan; Barbara Haley (2002), “Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction”, NYU Wagner Working Paper No. 1014, June, 1-170.
  • Morris Gayle ve Carolyn Barnes (2005), “An Assessment of the Impact of Microfinance: A Case Study from Uganda”, Journal of Microfinance, (7) 1, 1-16.
  • Mosley, Paul ve David Hulme 1998. Microenterprise Finance: Is There a Conflict Between Growth and Poverty Alleviation”, World Development, Vol. 26, No: 5, 783–790.
  • Navajas, Sergio; Mark Schreiner; Richard Meyer, R.; Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, ve Jorge Rodriguez-Meza (2000), “Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence From Bolivia”, World Development, Vol. 28, 333-346.
  • Oktayer, Nagihan; Murat Çak (2007), “Sosyal Güvenlik Perspektifinden Mikrofinans Sisteminin D e ğ e r l e n d i r i l m e s i ” , 2 2 . M a l i y e S e m p o z y u m u ’ n a S u n u l a n B i l d i r i , http://www.sdu.edu.tr/sempozyum/2006/maliye/ PDF/oktayer_cak.pdf.
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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 51 - 77, 01.03.2015

Doç. Dr. İsmail Şiriner

Öz

Microcredit programs swiftly have sustained to develop in practice and reputation after Professor M. Yunus awarded by Nobel Price. In the literature there are various studies that determine the great successes of microcredit applications particularly in less developed part of the world, besides there are many example of unsuccesfull tries. In most of these studies, it has been disputed that the worldwide microcredit alleviates poverty and contributes to the economy. The aim of this paper is to review the microcredit researches in the world, especially in Turkey, and evaluate the results. The effects of microcredit on employment, poverty, income distribution and economic growth have been analyzed by examining the aplications in Turkey in the last decade. Finally, projections and suggestions are made.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Microcredit Macroeconomic Economic Growth

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Dale W, and J.D. Von Pischke (1992), Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja vu, World Development (20), 1463-1470.
  • Akbıyık, Nihat; Levent Şahin (2010), “Mikrokredi Uygulaması ve ekonomik Kriz”, I. Turgut Özal Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Kongresi: Küresel Krizler ve Ekonomik Yönetişim, 15-16 Nisan 2010, Malatya.
  • Altay, Asuman (2007), “Küreselleşen Yoksulluk Olgusunun Önlenmesinde Mikrofinansman Yaklaşımı”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Cilt: 44, Sayı: 510, 57-67.
  • Amin, Sajeda; Ashok S. Rai; Giorgio Topa (2003), “Does Microcredit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 70, 59-82.
  • Anderson C. Leigh; Laura Locker; Rachel Nugent (2002), “Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources”, World Development, Vol. 30, No: 1, 95-105.
  • Artukoğlu, M. Metin (2009), “Micro Credit Applications for Decreasing of Poverty in the World and Turkey”, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 46, No: 3, 225-230.
  • Aşçı, Zeynep ve Kürşar Demiryürek (2008), “Kırsal Yoksullukla Mücadelede Yeni Adım: Mikrokredi”, Harran Üniversitesi Z.F. Dergisi, 12 (4), 73-79.
  • Aşçı, Zeynep ve Kürşar Demiryürek (2008). “Kırsal Yoksullukla Mücadelede Yeni Adım: Mikrokredi”, HR.Ü.Z.F.Dergisi, No: 12, Vol. 4, 73-79.
  • Berger, Marguerite; Lara Goldmark; Tomás Miller-Sanabria (2006), An Inside View of Latin American Microfinance, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington.
  • Bhatta, Gambhir (2001), “Small is Indeed Beautiful but...: The Context of Microcredit Strategies in Nepal”, Policy Studies Journal (29), 283-295
  • Bhattacharyay, Madhurima (2010), “Enhancing Inclusiveness of the Indian Financial Sector - the Role of Microfinance”, (Based on work An Unpublished Master Desertation, Cornell Institute of Public Affairs, Cornell University, May 2007), www.csird.org.in/pdf/DP43.pdf.
  • Borzaga, Carlo, Giulia Galera, Rocio Nogales (2008), Social Enterprise: A New Model For Poverty Reduction and Employment Generatıon An Examination of the Concept and Practice in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, UNDP.
  • Brau JC, Woller GM (2004) Microfinance: a comprehensive review of the existing literature. Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures 9(1): 1–26. www.aoef.org/Editorial Office/attachments/Vol9_issues1/JEF_200404_v09_i01_p1.pdf.
  • Burritt, Kiendel (2003), “Microfinance in Turkey: A Sector Assessment Report”, UNDP, No: 2, 1 - 4 5 http://www.undp.org.tr/docAndPucDocuments//MicrofinanceSectorAssessment_UNDP-Turkey.p df
  • Can, Muharrem (2008), Mikrofinans Yönteminin Yoksullukla Mücadelede Kullanımı ve Türkiye’de İşsizliği Önlemede Uygulanabilirliği, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi).
  • Can, Yeşim; Aslı Karataş (2007), “Yerel Ekonomilerde Kalkınmanın İtici Gücü Olarak Kadın Girişimcilerin Rolü ve Mikro Finansman: Muğla İli Örneği”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İİBF Dergisi, Mayıs, Yerel Ekonomiler Özel Sayısı, 251-261.
  • Chen, Martha and Donald Snodgrass (2001). “Managing Resources, Activities, and Risk in U r b a n I n d i a : T h e I m p a c t o f M i c r o f i n a n c e ” , A I M S P a p e r , http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACN572.pdf
  • Chowdhury, M. Jahangir Alam, Dipak Ghosh Robert E. Wright (2005). “The Impact of Micro-Credit on Poverty: Evidence from Bangladesh”, Progress in Development Studies 5 (4), 298– 309.
  • Conroy, John D., Paul B. McGuire (2000), “The Microfinance Phenomenon", Asia- Pacific Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 90-108.
  • Çak, Demet (2007), Kalkınmanın Finansmanının Sağlanmasında Mikrokredi Yöntemi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi SBE), İstanbul.
  • De Aghion, Beatriz Armandariz ve Jonathan Morduch, (2005), The Economics of Microfinance, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005.
  • Deheija, Rajeev; Heather Montgomery; Jonathan Morduch (2005), “Do Interest Rates Matter? Credit Demand in the Dhaka Slums”. ADB Institute Research Paper, No:69, October. www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/cgsd/documents/morduch.pdf.
  • Deviren, Yurtsever Nurşen (2009), Küresel Yoksullukla Mücadelede Mikrokredilerin Rolü”, MUFAD Dergisi, Yıl:11, Sayı:137, Mayıs. http://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2009/05a/02.htm.
  • Dichter, Thomas (1996), “Questioning the Future of NGOs in Microfinance”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 8, No: 2, 1996, 259-269.
  • Dolun, Leyla (2005), Mikro Finansman, (Uzmanlık Tezi, Kalkınma Bankası), Nisan, Ankara. http://www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/raporlar/ESA/ga/2007-GA/GA-07-05-28_Mikro_Finansm an.pdf.
  • Döşeyen, Adil (2007), Yoksullukla Mücadele Programlarından Mikrokredi ve Türkiye Diyarbakır Örneği Başarı Değerlendirmesi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi) İstanbul.
  • Dunford, Christopher (2006), “Evidence of Microfinance’s Contribution to A c h i e v i n g t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s ” , F r e e d o m f r o m H u n g e r , www.freedomfromhunger.org/pdfs/mf_contributions_to_mdg.pdf.
  • Dündar, Ozan (2007), Mikro Finans, (Yayınlanmamış Uzamnlık Tezi, Kalkınma Bankası: A n k a r a ) . www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/raporlar/ESA/ga/2007-GA/GA-07-05-28MikroFinansman. pdf
  • Elahi, Khandakar Qudrat-I and Rahman, M. Lutfor (2006), “Micro-Credit and Micro-Finance: Functional and Conceptual Differences”, Development in Practice, Vol. 16, No: 5, 476–483.
  • Gökyay, Çağatay (2008), Türkiye’de Mikro Kredi Uygulamaları ve İstihdama Yansımaları, (Yayınlanmamış Uzamnlık Tezi, Türkiye İş Kurumu (İŞ-KUR), Ankara).
  • Harris, Sam Daley (2009), State of The Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, http://www.microcreditsummit.org/uploads/socrs/SOCR2009_English.pdf
  • Helms, Brigit (2006), Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems, CGAP World Bank.
  • Helmut Grossmann (2006), “Demand Study for Micro-Finance in Turkey: Results from a Field Survey”, Bankakademie International UNDP, www.undp.org.tr/annDocuments/MFDEMANDShort Report.pdf.
  • Hermes, Niels; Robert Lensink (2007), “Impact of Microfinance: A Critical Survey”, Economic and Political Weekly, The H T Parekh Finance Forum, February 10, 462-465.
  • Hossain, Farhad (2002), “Small Loans, Big Claims”, Foreign Policy, Vol.2, 79-81
  • Hossain, Farhad ve Tonya Knight (2008), “BWPI Working Paper 38Financing the Poor: Can Microcredit Make a Difference? Empirical Observations From Bangladesh”, BWPI Working Papers No: 38, February, 1-14.
  • Hulme, David (2000), “Impact Assessment Methodologies For Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice. World Development Vol. 28, No: 1, 79–88.
  • Hulme, David ve Paul Mosley (ed.) (1996), Finance Against the Poor (Cilt 1 ve 2), London: Routledge.
  • ISEDAK (2007), “Yoksulluğun Önlenmesinde Mikrokredi Uygulamaları ve Türkiye”, http://www.comcec.org/EN/ belge/arsiv/pdf/TURKEY%2023-07%20CR%281%29TR.pdf.
  • James C. Brau, Gary M. Woller (2004), “Microfinance: A Comprehensive Review of the Existing Literature”, Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures Vol. 9, 1-26.
  • Karlan, Dean S. (2001), “Microfinance Impact Assessments: The Perils of Using New Members as a Control Group”, Journal of Microfinance, Vol. 3, No: 2, 75-85.
  • Kevane, Michael and Bruce Wydic, Kevane & Wydic (2001), “Microenterprise Lending to Female Entrepreneurs: Sacrificing Economic Growth for Poverty Alleviation?”, World Development, (29), 1225-1236.
  • Khandker, Shahid (2001), “Does Micro-finance Really Benefit the Poor? Evidence from Bangladesh”, Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty: Asian Development Bank. Manila. http://www.adb.org/ poverty/forum/pdf/Khandker.pdf
  • Khandker, Shahidur R. (2005), “Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh”, World Economic Review, Vol. 19, No: 2, 263-286.
  • Khandker, Shahidur R., Hussain A. Samad, and Zahed H. Khan (1998), “Income and Employment Effects of Micro-Credit Programmes: Village-Level Evidence from Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Studies (35), 96-124.
  • Littlefield, Elizabeth, Syed Hashemi, Jonathan Morduch “Is Microfinance an Effective Strategy t o R e a c h t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s ? ” J a n u a r y , 2 0 0 3 , http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9. 2568/FN24.pdf.
  • Makina D, Malobola LM (2004) “Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes, Including Lessons from Khula Enterprise Finance”. Development Southern Africa Vol. 21, No. 5, 799–814.
  • Mallick, Ross (2002), “Implementing and Evaluating Microcredit in Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, Vol. 12, No: 2, May. 153-163.
  • Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, (2002), “Who Cares? The Personal and Professional Problems of NGO Fieldworkers in Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, Vol. 12, 177-191.
  • Mokbul Morshed Ahmad; (2003), “Distant Voices: the Views of the Field Workers of NGOs in Bangladesh on Microcredit”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 169, No. 1, March 2003, 65-74.
  • Moll, Henk A. J. (2005), “Microfinance and Rural Development: Long-Term Perspective”, Journal of Microfinance, Vol. 7, No: 2, 13-31.
  • Montgomery, Heather ve John Weiss (2005), “Great Expectations: Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia and Latin America”, ADB Institute Research Paper, No. 63, February. http://unpan1.un.org/ intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan021002.pdf.
  • Montgomery, Heather ve John Weiss (2011), “Can Commercially-oriented Microfinance Help Meet the Millennium Development Goals? Evidence from Pakistan”, World Development, Vol. 39, No: 1, January, 87-109.
  • Morduch, Jonathan; Barbara Haley (2002), “Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction”, NYU Wagner Working Paper No. 1014, June, 1-170.
  • Morris Gayle ve Carolyn Barnes (2005), “An Assessment of the Impact of Microfinance: A Case Study from Uganda”, Journal of Microfinance, (7) 1, 1-16.
  • Mosley, Paul ve David Hulme 1998. Microenterprise Finance: Is There a Conflict Between Growth and Poverty Alleviation”, World Development, Vol. 26, No: 5, 783–790.
  • Navajas, Sergio; Mark Schreiner; Richard Meyer, R.; Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, ve Jorge Rodriguez-Meza (2000), “Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence From Bolivia”, World Development, Vol. 28, 333-346.
  • Oktayer, Nagihan; Murat Çak (2007), “Sosyal Güvenlik Perspektifinden Mikrofinans Sisteminin D e ğ e r l e n d i r i l m e s i ” , 2 2 . M a l i y e S e m p o z y u m u ’ n a S u n u l a n B i l d i r i , http://www.sdu.edu.tr/sempozyum/2006/maliye/ PDF/oktayer_cak.pdf.
  • Öner, Emine; Pınar Okan; Soner Gökten; Nevzat Aypek (2008), “Mikrofinans Sistemi ve T,cari Bankaların Mikrofinans Sistemindeki Yeri”, Sosyoekonomi, Cilt: 2, Temmuz – Aralık, 55-74.
  • Pitt, Mark M. ve Shahidur R. Khandker (1996), “Household and Intrahousehold Impact of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credit Programs in Bangladesh”, World Bank Discussion Papers, No: 320, Washington, 1-124.
  • Pitt, Mark M. ve Shahidur R. Khandker (1998), “The Impact of Group-Based Credit Programs on Poor Households in Bangladesh: Does the Gender of Participants Matter?”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 106, No: 5, 958-996.
  • Robinson, Marguerite S (2001), The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington.
  • Sarno Niccolo, (2001), “Too Rapid Growth is Biggest Threat to Microcredit”, Service World News, Inter Press.
  • Schreiner, Mark (1999), “Self-Employment, Microenterprise, and the Poorest Americans”, The Social Service Review, (73), 496-523.
  • Sebstad, Jennefer ve Monique Cohen (2000), Microfinance, risk management and poverty. Synthesis report. Washington, DC: AIMS.
  • SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) (2008), Assessing Development Impact of Micro Finance Programmes: Findings and Policy Implications from a National Study of Indian Micro Finance Sector.
  • Snow, Douglas R; Terry F. Buss (2001), “Development and the Rule of Microcredit”, Policy Studies Journal, Vol: 29, No: 2, 296-307.
  • Soyak, Münevver (2010), “Kadın Girişimciliği ve Mikrofinans: Türkiye Deneyimi”, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE), Bahar, Sayı 24, 129-144.
  • TÜİK (2015), “Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları 2014, Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 18616, 28 Ocak.
  • TÜİK (2014), “Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması 2013, Sayı: 16083, 22 Eylül.
  • TÜRK-İŞ (2014), “Açlık ve Yoksulluk Sınırı”, Haber Bülteni, 25 Aralık.
  • USAID, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/economic_growth_and_trade/micro/index.html.
  • Weijland, Hermine (1999), “Microenterprise Clusters in Rural Indonesia: Industrial Seedbed and Policy Target”, World Development, Vol. 27, 1515-1530.
  • Westover, Jon. (2008), “The Record of Microfinance: The Effectiveness/ Ineffectiveness of Microfinance Programs as a Means of Alleviating Poverty”, Electronic Journal of Sociology, 1-9.
  • Woller, Gary M., Christopher Dunford, Warner Woodworth (1999), “Where to Microfinance”, International Journal of EconomicDevelopment, Vol. 1, No. 1, January, 29-64.
  • Wrenn, Eoin (2007), “Perceptions of the Impact of Microfinance on Livelihood Security”, Research and Perspectives on Development Practice, Kimmage Development Studies Centre, Holy Ghost College. 1-20.
  • Yunus, Muhammad (2010), “Is Grameen Bank Different from Conventional Banks?” Grameen: B a n k i n g f o r t h e Poor,http://www.grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id =27&Itemid=176
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22UF96MC
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Doç. Dr. İsmail Şiriner Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şiriner, D. D. İ. (2015). Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(1), 51-77.
AMA Şiriner DDİ. Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması. isguc. Mart 2015;17(1):51-77.
Chicago Şiriner, Doç. Dr. İsmail. “Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17, sy. 1 (Mart 2015): 51-77.
EndNote Şiriner DDİ (01 Mart 2015) Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17 1 51–77.
IEEE D. D. İ. Şiriner, “Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması”, isguc, c. 17, sy. 1, ss. 51–77, 2015.
ISNAD Şiriner, Doç. Dr. İsmail. “Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17/1 (Mart 2015), 51-77.
JAMA Şiriner DDİ. Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması. isguc. 2015;17:51–77.
MLA Şiriner, Doç. Dr. İsmail. “Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, c. 17, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 51-77.
Vancouver Şiriner DDİ. Mikrokredilerin Marko Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Çalışmaların Katkısı Üzerine Bir Literatür Araştırması. isguc. 2015;17(1):51-77.