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Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 47 - 63, 01.09.2013

Öz

Japonya’da doğurganlık oranın azalmasından, beklenen yaşam süresinin uzamasından dolayı ülke nüfusu hızlı bir şekilde yaşlanmaktadır. Yaşlanan bu nüfusa yönelik sosyal politikalara da her geçen gün ihtiyaç artarak devam etmektedir. İşte bu çalışmada, Japonya’da yaşlılara yönelik uygulanan sosyal politikalar ele alınmaktadır. Bu sosyal politikalar arasında “kamu emeklilik sigortası”, “bakım sigortası” ve “sağlık sigortası” bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu politikalar; bir taraftan yaşlıların yaşam kalitesini artırırken, diğer taraftan yaşlı nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki artışına paralel olarak devlet bütçesine yük olmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın son kısmında Japonya’da yaşlanmanın ekonomik sonuçlarına değinilecektir. Bu bağlamda ele alınan ekonomik sonuçlar ise; gayri safi yurtiçi hâsıla, gayri safi milli tasarruf oranı, emeklilik ve sağlık sistemleridir. .

Kaynakça

  • Bitinas, Audrius (2012) Pension System in Japan: Issues for Reform, [http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/jurisp rudencija/archyvas/dwn.php?id=31029] (10.12.2012), 269-292.
  • Economy Watch (2012) Japan Gross National Savings (% of GDP) Statistics, [http://www.economywatch.com/economicstatistics/Japan/Gross_National_Savings_Perc entage_of_GDP] (10.12.2012).
  • Fukawa, Tetsuo (2002a) Effects of Population Ageing on Public Health and Long-Tem Care Insurances in Japan and Germany, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/webjad/webjournal.files/socialsecurity/2002/02dec/f ukawa2.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Fukara, Tetsuo (2002b) Public Health Insurance in Japan, [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/ documents/APCITY/UNPAN020063.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Horlacher, David E. (2002) Aging in Japan: Causes and Consequences, Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
  • Horlachera, David E. And Landis Mackellar (2003) Populatıon Ageing in Japan: Policy Lessons for South-East Asia, Asia-Pacific Development Journal, Vol: 10, No: 1, 97-122.
  • Index Mundi (2012) Japan Demographics Profile 2012, [http://www.indexmundi.com/japan/demogra phics_profile.html] (10.12.2012)
  • Japan Fact Sheet (2012a) Social Security System, [http://webjapan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e42_security.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Japan Fact Sheet (2012b) Health Care [http://webjapan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e44_heal thcare.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Kitov, Ivan O. (2006) GDP Growth Rate and Population, Economics Bulletin, Vol: 28, No: 9, 2-60.
  • Liu, Lillian (2000) Public Pension Reform in Japan, [http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v63n4/v63 n4p99.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Masuda, Masanobu and Katsuhisa Kojima (2001) Japanese Social Security for the Elderly from a Viewpoint of Life Cycles, Review of Population and Social Policy, No: 10, 37–54.
  • Mühleisen, Martin and Hamid Faruqee (2001) Japan: Population Aging and the Fiscal Challenge, International Monetary Fund, Vol: 38, No: 1, [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/20 01/03/muhleise.htm#autho] (10.12.2012).
  • Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) (2010) The Point of the Pension Plan, [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/org/policy/dl/ p36-37_1.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2012) Population Projections for Japan: 2011 to 2060, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/sitead/index_english/esuikei/ppfj2012.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2012) Population Statistics of Japan 2012, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/pinfo/e/psj2012/PSJ2012.asp] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2011) Social Security in Japan, Tokya: Published by National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS).
  • Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2012) World Population Prospects, The 2010 Revision [http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.h tm] (10.12.2012).
  • Simizutani, Satoshi and Noriko Inakura (2007) Japan’s Public Long-term Care Insurance and the Financial Condition of Insurers: Evidence from Municipality-Level Data, Government Auditing Revie, Vol: 14, 27-40.
  • Shinoda-Tagawa Tomoko, Soichi Koike (2002) Long-Term Care: Lessons from the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, Harvard Health Policy Review, Vol: 3, No.1, [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentiss ue/spring2002/shinoda-tagawa-koike.php] (10.12.2012).
  • Shirakawa, Masaaki (2012) Demographic Changes and Macroeconomic Performance – Japanese Experiences, 2012 BOJ-IMES Conference, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, the Bank of Japan, Tokyo, 30 May 2012, [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/announcements/press /koen_2012/data/ko120530a1.pdf] (10.12.2012), 19-38.
  • Tokyo International Communication Committee (ICC) (2012) Pension Insurance, [http://www.tokyoicc.jp/guide_eng/life/01.html] (10.12.2012).
  • Trading Economics (2012) Japan GDP Growth Rate, [http://www.tradingeconomics.com/japan/gdpgrowth] (10.12.2012).
  • Wikipedia (2012) Real GDP Growth Rate in Japan (1956-2008).png, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Real_GDP_gr owth_rate_in_Japan_(1956-2008).png] (10.12.2012).

Social Policies for the Elderly in Japan

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 47 - 63, 01.09.2013

Öz

tract Population in Japan is speedly grown old by reason of fact that declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy. Requirement to social politics intended ageing population are growing day by day. In this article, social politics that put in practise for old people in Japan are discussed. There are “public retirement insurance”, “care insurance” and “health insurance” in these social politics. As raising life quality of old people, on the other hand, these social politics are burden on government budget by reason of fact that increasing ageing population in total population. Therefore, economic consequences of ageing population in Japan are discusses at the end of the article. In this contex, the economic consequences that discussed are grass domestic product, gross national saving rate, retirement and healthcare systems.

Kaynakça

  • Bitinas, Audrius (2012) Pension System in Japan: Issues for Reform, [http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/jurisp rudencija/archyvas/dwn.php?id=31029] (10.12.2012), 269-292.
  • Economy Watch (2012) Japan Gross National Savings (% of GDP) Statistics, [http://www.economywatch.com/economicstatistics/Japan/Gross_National_Savings_Perc entage_of_GDP] (10.12.2012).
  • Fukawa, Tetsuo (2002a) Effects of Population Ageing on Public Health and Long-Tem Care Insurances in Japan and Germany, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/webjad/webjournal.files/socialsecurity/2002/02dec/f ukawa2.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Fukara, Tetsuo (2002b) Public Health Insurance in Japan, [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/ documents/APCITY/UNPAN020063.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Horlacher, David E. (2002) Aging in Japan: Causes and Consequences, Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
  • Horlachera, David E. And Landis Mackellar (2003) Populatıon Ageing in Japan: Policy Lessons for South-East Asia, Asia-Pacific Development Journal, Vol: 10, No: 1, 97-122.
  • Index Mundi (2012) Japan Demographics Profile 2012, [http://www.indexmundi.com/japan/demogra phics_profile.html] (10.12.2012)
  • Japan Fact Sheet (2012a) Social Security System, [http://webjapan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e42_security.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Japan Fact Sheet (2012b) Health Care [http://webjapan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e44_heal thcare.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Kitov, Ivan O. (2006) GDP Growth Rate and Population, Economics Bulletin, Vol: 28, No: 9, 2-60.
  • Liu, Lillian (2000) Public Pension Reform in Japan, [http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v63n4/v63 n4p99.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • Masuda, Masanobu and Katsuhisa Kojima (2001) Japanese Social Security for the Elderly from a Viewpoint of Life Cycles, Review of Population and Social Policy, No: 10, 37–54.
  • Mühleisen, Martin and Hamid Faruqee (2001) Japan: Population Aging and the Fiscal Challenge, International Monetary Fund, Vol: 38, No: 1, [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/20 01/03/muhleise.htm#autho] (10.12.2012).
  • Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) (2010) The Point of the Pension Plan, [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/org/policy/dl/ p36-37_1.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2012) Population Projections for Japan: 2011 to 2060, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/sitead/index_english/esuikei/ppfj2012.pdf] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2012) Population Statistics of Japan 2012, [http://www.ipss.go.jp/pinfo/e/psj2012/PSJ2012.asp] (10.12.2012).
  • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan (JPSS) (2011) Social Security in Japan, Tokya: Published by National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS).
  • Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2012) World Population Prospects, The 2010 Revision [http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.h tm] (10.12.2012).
  • Simizutani, Satoshi and Noriko Inakura (2007) Japan’s Public Long-term Care Insurance and the Financial Condition of Insurers: Evidence from Municipality-Level Data, Government Auditing Revie, Vol: 14, 27-40.
  • Shinoda-Tagawa Tomoko, Soichi Koike (2002) Long-Term Care: Lessons from the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, Harvard Health Policy Review, Vol: 3, No.1, [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentiss ue/spring2002/shinoda-tagawa-koike.php] (10.12.2012).
  • Shirakawa, Masaaki (2012) Demographic Changes and Macroeconomic Performance – Japanese Experiences, 2012 BOJ-IMES Conference, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, the Bank of Japan, Tokyo, 30 May 2012, [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/announcements/press /koen_2012/data/ko120530a1.pdf] (10.12.2012), 19-38.
  • Tokyo International Communication Committee (ICC) (2012) Pension Insurance, [http://www.tokyoicc.jp/guide_eng/life/01.html] (10.12.2012).
  • Trading Economics (2012) Japan GDP Growth Rate, [http://www.tradingeconomics.com/japan/gdpgrowth] (10.12.2012).
  • Wikipedia (2012) Real GDP Growth Rate in Japan (1956-2008).png, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Real_GDP_gr owth_rate_in_Japan_(1956-2008).png] (10.12.2012).
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA23CK24TJ
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yard.doç.dr.sevgi İşık Erol Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Erol, Y. İ. (2013). Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 15(3), 47-63.
AMA Erol Yİ. Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar. isguc. Eylül 2013;15(3):47-63.
Chicago Erol, Yard.doç.dr.sevgi İşık. “Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 15, sy. 3 (Eylül 2013): 47-63.
EndNote Erol Yİ (01 Eylül 2013) Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 15 3 47–63.
IEEE Y. İ. Erol, “Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar”, isguc, c. 15, sy. 3, ss. 47–63, 2013.
ISNAD Erol, Yard.doç.dr.sevgi İşık. “Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 15/3 (Eylül 2013), 47-63.
JAMA Erol Yİ. Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar. isguc. 2013;15:47–63.
MLA Erol, Yard.doç.dr.sevgi İşık. “Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, c. 15, sy. 3, 2013, ss. 47-63.
Vancouver Erol Yİ. Japonya’da Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar. isguc. 2013;15(3):47-63.