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Lâdînî Latin Alfabesi Milliyetçilik Çağında Reşid Rıza’nın Arapça ve Türkçe Üzerine Düşünceleri

Yıl 2020, , 177 - 208, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.748731

Öz

Muhammed Reşid Rıza’yı mütevazı olmayışından dolayı suçlamamak gerekir. 1935’teki ölümünden kısa bir süre önce yayımlanan otobiyografik kayıtlarında Reşid Rıza, Kuzey Lübnan’ın Trablus kentindeki Medresetü’l-vataniyye’de henüz ilkokul öğrencisi iken belagat konusunda çok erken bir şöhrete ulaştığını, saklayamadığı gururu ile yad etmiştir. Öyle ki, okulun müdürü ve öğretmeni Hüseyin el-Cisr, (dil konusunda) karşılaştığı zor meselelerde, özellikle de sözlüklerin somut bir şeyler söylemediği anlarda ona danışır, nahiv uzmanı olarak temayüz eden Reşid Rıza da hocasının hemen hiçbir sorusunu cevapsız bırakmazdı. Daha ilkokul öğrencisi iken, yıllar sonra biçim ve üslup bakımından klasik şiir kurallarına uygun olduklarını fark ettiği şiirler yazmıştı. Bu şiirlerle, ondan bir kuşak daha yaşlı bir alimden, Ahmed Abdulcevad el-Kayâtî’den övgüler aldı ve böylece çağdaşlarının yapmayı çoktan bıraktığı bir şeyi yapmaya başladı. Sayısız ödül (ve arkadaşlarının ya da tanınmış şahsiyetlerin kaybı üzerine yazdığı mersiyeler), “yetkin bir yazar olarak şöhretini” (şühretî bi’l-icâde fi’l-kitâbe) arttırdı. Reşid Rıza bir meslektaşıyla konuşurken başka bir alimin, “Reşid Efendi’nin, sahip olduğumuz en belagatli yazar olduğu ve sadece Muhammed Abduh’un onun sanatına ayak uydurabileceği” şeklindeki sözlerini aktarırken, yarım ağızla kendisinin böyle düşünmediğini de eklemişti....

Kaynakça

  • Birincil Kaynaklar el-Menâr _______. 1/6 (Nisan 1898); 1/7 (Nisan 1898); 1/39 (Aralık 1898); 2 (1899/1900); 3 (1900/1901); 4/13 (Eylül 1901); 4/21 (Ocak 1902); 4/22 (Şubat 1902); 5/24 (Mart 1903); 6/7 (Haziran 1903); 11/4 (Mayıs 1908); 11/6 (Temmuz 1908); 11/9 (Ekim 1908); 11/10 (Kasım 1908); 11/11 (Aralık 1908); 11/12 (Ocak 1909); 12/12 (Ocak 1910); 12/7 (Ağustos 1909); 13/2 (Mart 1910); 13/3 (Nisan 1910); 13/4 (Mayıs 1910); 13/10 (Kasım 1910); 16/2 (Şubat 1913); 17/2 (Ocak 1914); 17/7 (Haziran 1914); 17/8 (Temmuz 1914); 17/10 (Eylül 1914); 18/4 (Mart 1915); 19/2 (Temmuz 1916); 19/8 (Ocak 1917); 22/10 (Ekim 1921); 24/9 (Eylül 1923); 24/10 (Kasım 1923); 25/10 (Mart 1925); 26/1 (Nisan 1925); 26/8 (Şubat 1926); 27/1 (Nisan 1926); 28/8 (Ekim 1927); 28/10 (Ocak 1928); 29/2 (Nisan 1928); 29/3 (Haziran 1928); 29/4 (Temmuz 1928); 29/6 (Ekim 1928); 29/8 (Aralık 1928); 29/9 (Şubat 1929); 29/10 (Nisan 1929); 30/1 (Eylül 1929); 30/2 (Temmuz 1929); 30/9 (Nisan 1930); 32/3 (Mart 1932); 32/5 (Mayıs 1932); 32/7 (Temmuz 1932); 33/3 (Mayıs 1933); 34/5 (Oktober 1934).
  • el-Hilâl ________. 1/6 (Şubat 1893); 10/9 (Şubat 1902); 6/20 (15 Haziran 1898).
  • el-Muktataf ________. 29/3 (Mart 1904).
  • el-Kıble ________. 1/18 (17 Ekim 1916); 3 ve 1/19 (20 Ekim 1916).
  • Muhammed Reşid Rıza’nın Yazıları Rıza, Muhammed Reşid. Tefsîru’l-kur’âni’l-kerîmi’l-meşhûr bi tefsîri’l-Menâr. Ed. İbrahim Şemseddin. 8 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye, 1420 h. [1999]. ________. Fetâvâ. Ed. Selahaddin el-Müneccid. 5 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-cedîd, 1972. ________. Rihalâtü’l-imâm Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ. Beyrut: el-Müessesetü’l-arabiyye li’d-dirâse ve’n-neşr, 1971. ________. Le Califat dans la doctrine de Rashīd Riḍā: Traduction annotée d’al- ẖilāfa au al-imāma al-‘uzmā (Le Califat ou l’Imāma suprème). çev. Henri Laoust. Mémoires de l’Institut Français de Damas; 6. Beirut: Institut Français de Damas, 1938. ________. el-Menâr ve’l-Ezher. Kahire: y.y., 1353 h [1934/1935].
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Yıl 2020, , 177 - 208, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.748731

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Birincil Kaynaklar el-Menâr _______. 1/6 (Nisan 1898); 1/7 (Nisan 1898); 1/39 (Aralık 1898); 2 (1899/1900); 3 (1900/1901); 4/13 (Eylül 1901); 4/21 (Ocak 1902); 4/22 (Şubat 1902); 5/24 (Mart 1903); 6/7 (Haziran 1903); 11/4 (Mayıs 1908); 11/6 (Temmuz 1908); 11/9 (Ekim 1908); 11/10 (Kasım 1908); 11/11 (Aralık 1908); 11/12 (Ocak 1909); 12/12 (Ocak 1910); 12/7 (Ağustos 1909); 13/2 (Mart 1910); 13/3 (Nisan 1910); 13/4 (Mayıs 1910); 13/10 (Kasım 1910); 16/2 (Şubat 1913); 17/2 (Ocak 1914); 17/7 (Haziran 1914); 17/8 (Temmuz 1914); 17/10 (Eylül 1914); 18/4 (Mart 1915); 19/2 (Temmuz 1916); 19/8 (Ocak 1917); 22/10 (Ekim 1921); 24/9 (Eylül 1923); 24/10 (Kasım 1923); 25/10 (Mart 1925); 26/1 (Nisan 1925); 26/8 (Şubat 1926); 27/1 (Nisan 1926); 28/8 (Ekim 1927); 28/10 (Ocak 1928); 29/2 (Nisan 1928); 29/3 (Haziran 1928); 29/4 (Temmuz 1928); 29/6 (Ekim 1928); 29/8 (Aralık 1928); 29/9 (Şubat 1929); 29/10 (Nisan 1929); 30/1 (Eylül 1929); 30/2 (Temmuz 1929); 30/9 (Nisan 1930); 32/3 (Mart 1932); 32/5 (Mayıs 1932); 32/7 (Temmuz 1932); 33/3 (Mayıs 1933); 34/5 (Oktober 1934).
  • el-Hilâl ________. 1/6 (Şubat 1893); 10/9 (Şubat 1902); 6/20 (15 Haziran 1898).
  • el-Muktataf ________. 29/3 (Mart 1904).
  • el-Kıble ________. 1/18 (17 Ekim 1916); 3 ve 1/19 (20 Ekim 1916).
  • Muhammed Reşid Rıza’nın Yazıları Rıza, Muhammed Reşid. Tefsîru’l-kur’âni’l-kerîmi’l-meşhûr bi tefsîri’l-Menâr. Ed. İbrahim Şemseddin. 8 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye, 1420 h. [1999]. ________. Fetâvâ. Ed. Selahaddin el-Müneccid. 5 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-cedîd, 1972. ________. Rihalâtü’l-imâm Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ. Beyrut: el-Müessesetü’l-arabiyye li’d-dirâse ve’n-neşr, 1971. ________. Le Califat dans la doctrine de Rashīd Riḍā: Traduction annotée d’al- ẖilāfa au al-imāma al-‘uzmā (Le Califat ou l’Imāma suprème). çev. Henri Laoust. Mémoires de l’Institut Français de Damas; 6. Beirut: Institut Français de Damas, 1938. ________. el-Menâr ve’l-Ezher. Kahire: y.y., 1353 h [1934/1935].
  • Diğer Birincil Kaynaklar Fiske, Daniel Willard. Agrūmyja maṣry maktūba bil lisān el maṣry we maʿha amsila. Florenz: Landy, 1322 h [1904]. ________. An Egyptian Alphabet for the Egyptian People. Florenz: The Landi Press, 2. Basım, 1904 [1897]. ________. All About Postal Matters in Egypt. Florenz: Landi Press, 1898. Hartmann, Martin. “Die gamʿyjet taʿlym kull wilād maṣr (Gesellschaft für den Unterricht der ägyptischen Jugend)”. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete 13 (1898), 277-287. ________. “Islam und Arabisch”. Der Islamische Orient: Berichte und Forschungen. Berlin: Haupt, 1905, 1-22. Lane, Edward William. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians: Written in Egypt During the Years 1833, -34 and -35; Partly from Notes made During a Former Visit to that Country in the Years 1825-28. 3 Cilt. London: Knight, 1836. Macauleys, Thomas. Minute on Indian Education (2nd February 1835). http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/prittchet/00generalinks/macauley/ixt_minute_education_1835.html. el-Merâgî, Muhammed Mustafa. Bahsun fî tercemeti’l-kur’âni’l-kerîm ve ahkâmihâ. Kahire: y.y., 1932. Mustafa Sabri Efendi. Mes’eletü’t-tercemeti’l-kur’ân. Kahire: el-Matbaatu’s-selefiyye, 1351 h [1932/33]. Spitta, Wilhelm. Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialekts von Aegypten. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1880. Weißbach, F.H. “Die türkische Lateinschrift”. Archiv für Schreib- und Buchwesen 4 (1930), 125-138. Willmore, J. Selden. The Spoken Arabic of Egypt. Londra: Nutt, 2. Basım, 1905 [1901].
  • İkincil Kaynaklar Ayalon, Ami, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Azak, Umut. “Secularism in Turkey as a Nationalist Search for Vernacular Islam: The Ban on the Call to Prayer in Arabic (1932-1950)”. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerrannée, 124 (2008), 161-79. Baldauf, Ingeborg. Schriftreform und Schriftwechsel bei den muslimischen Russland- und Sowjettürken (1850-1937): Ein Symptom ideengeschichtlicher und kulturpolitischer Entwicklungen (Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica; 40). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993. Baldazzi, Cristina. “Due percorsi intellettuali: ʿĀdil Zuʿaytir vs Gustave Le Bon”. Oriento Moderno 24/85 (2005). 287-307. Bar-Asher, Meir M. “Avis musulmans sur la question de la traduction du Coran”. Controverses sur les écritures canoniques de l’islam. ed. Daniel deSmet & Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi. (Islam – Nouvelles Approches). Paris: Ed. du Cerf, 2014, 297-327. Bartholomä, Ruth. Von Zentralasien nach Windsor Castle: Leben und Werk des Orientalisten Arminius Vambéry (1832-1913) (Arbeitsmateralien zum Orient; 7). Würzburg: Ergon, 2006. Bein, Amit. “‘Ulama’ and Political Activism in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Political Career of Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Sabri Efendi (1869-1954)”. Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama’ in the Middle East. Ed. Meir Hetina (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East; 105). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2009, 67-90. Birge, John Kingsley. “Turkish Translations of the Koran”. The Moslem World 28 (1938), 394-399. Bobzin, Hartmut. “Translations of the Qur’ān”. The Encyclopedia of Islam. 5/340-358. Brunner, Rainer. Die Schia und die Koranfãlschung (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes; 53, 1). Würzburg: Ergon, 2001. ________. “Education, Politics and the Struggle for Intellectual Leadership: al-Azhar between 1927 and 1945”. Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama’ in the Middle East. Ed. Meir Hatina. (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Mİddle East; 105). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2009, 109-140. ________. Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: the Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint. (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia; s. 91). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2004. Clayer, Nathalie. “Des Lettres et des mots: la crise de l’alphabet et les construtions identitaires chez les Albanais, à l'époque jeune-turque”. Documents de travail du CETOBaC 2 (Juin 2012): Les Mots du politique. Fasc. 2: En Turquie et dans les Balkans. Ed. François Georgeon, 2-15. ________. “Le Premier journal turquie en caractères latins: Esas (Manastır/Bitola, 1911)”. Turcica: Revue d’études turques 36 (2004), 253-264. Cleveland, William. Islam against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985. Cook, Michael. Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. Costet-Tardieu, Francine. In reformiste à l'université al-Azhar: (Euvre et pensée de Mustafâ al-Marâghi (1881-1945). (Collection Kalam). Paris CEDEJ, 2005. Darling, Linda. “Social Cohesion (“Asabiyya) and Justice in the Late Medieval Middle East”. Comperative Studies in Society and History 49 (2007), 329-357. Di-Capua, Yoav. “Nahda: “The Arab Project of Enlightenment”. The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture. Ed. Dwight F. Reynolds (Cambridge Companions to Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 75-95. Duda, Herbert Wilhelm. “Die neue Lateinschrift in der Turkei: 2. Linguistisches”. OLZ 33 (1930), 399-413. __________. “Die neue Lateinschrift in der Turkei: 1. Historisches”. OLZ 32 (1929), 441-453. Dupont, Anne-Laure. “What is a kātib ʿāmm? The Status of Men of Letters and the Conception of Language According to Jurjī Zaydān”. Middle Eastern Literatures 13 (2010), 171-181. Ebert, Johannes. Religion und Reform in der arabischen Provinz: Husayn al-Gisr al-Tarablusi (1845-1909): Ein islamischer Gelehrter zwischen Tradition und Reform. (Heidelberger Orientalische Studies; 18). Frankfurt/M. Et al: Peter Lang, 1991. Evans, Stephen. “Macaulay’s Minute Revisited: Colonial Language Policy in Nineteenth–Century India”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23 (2002), 260-281. Flöhr, Benjamin. Ein traditionalistischer Korandeuter in Dienste des Kemalismus: Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (1878-1942). (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen; 326). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 2015. Friedmann, Yohanan. Prophecy Continuous: Aspectsof Ahmadî Religious Thought and its Medieval Background. (Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies; 3). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Gabrieli, F. “‘Aṣabiyya”. The Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd Edition). 1/681. Glaß, Dagmar. Der Mugtataf und seine Öffentlichkeit: Aufklärung, Räsonnement und Meinungsstreit in der frühen arabischen Zeitschriftenkommunikation. 2 Cilt. (Mitteilungen zur Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte der islamischen Welt; 17). Würzburg: Ergon, 2004. Günther, Sebastian, “Ummī”, The Encyclopedia of Islam, 5/399-403. Gully, Adrian. “Arabic Linguistic Issues and Controversies in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries”. Journal of Semitic Studies 42 (1997), 75-120. Gürpınar, Doğan. “What is in a Name? The Rise of Turcic Personal Male Names in Turkey (1908-38)”. Middle Eastern Studies 480 (2012), 689-706. Haarmann, Ulrich. “Ideology and History, Identity and Alternity: The Arab Image of the Turk from the ‘Abbasids to Modern Egypt”. IJMES 20 (1988), 175-196. Haddad, Mahmoud. “Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era: Rereading Rashīd Riḍā’s Ideas on the Caliphate”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 117 (1997), 253-277. Hattemer, Richard, Atatürk and die türkische Reformpolitik im Spiegel der ägyptischen Presse: Eine Inhaltsanalyse ausgewählter Pressereaktionen auf Maßnahmen zur Umgestaltung des politischen, religiösen und kulturellen Lebens in der Turkei zwischen 1922 und 1938. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen; 210). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1997. Hermann, Rainer. Kulturkrise und konservative Erneuerung:Muhammed Kurd ʿAlī (1876-1953) und das geistige Leben in Damaskus zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. (Heidelberger orientalische Studien; 16). Frankfurt/M. ve diğerleri. Peter Lang, 1990. Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Jäschke, Gotthard. “Der Islam in der neuen Turkei: Eine rechtsgeschichtliche Untersuchung”. Die Welt des Islams N.S. 1 (1954), 1-174. Ibiş, Yusuf (ed.), Rihalâtü’l-imâm Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ, Beyrut: el-Müessesetü’l-arabiyye li’d-dirâse ve’n-neşr, 1971. Jomier, Jacques. Le Commentaire Coranique du Manar: Tendances modernes de l’exégèse coranique en Égypte. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1954. Kanık, Orhan Veli. “Zurück zum arabischen Gebetsruf”. Hundert Jahre Türkei: Zeitzeugen, erzählen. Ed. Hülya Adak ve Erika Glassen. (Türkische Bibliothek). Zürich: Unionsverlag, 2010, 300-304. Kaye. Alan S. “Arabic Alphabet for Other Languages”. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Ed. Kees Verstegh. 5 Cilt. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2006, 1/133-147. Kehhâle, Ömer Rızâ. Mu‘cemu’l-müellifîn: Terâcim musannifi’l-kütübi’l-‘arabiyye. 2 Cilt. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-risâle, 1414 h. [1993]. Kerr, Malcolm. Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍā. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966. Kreiser, Klaus. “Osmanisch für Anfänger”. Süddeutsche Zeitung 8 Ocak 2015, 13. Kropp, Manfred. “Līsān ʿarabiyy mubīn – ‘klares Arabisch’? oder ‘offenbar Arabisch’, gar ‘geoffenbartes Arabisch’?”. Andrew Rippin ve Roberto Tottoli (ed.). Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World: Studies Presented to Claude Gilliot on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday […]. (Islamic History and Civilization; 113). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2015, 271-287. Landau, Jacob M. “Pan-Turkism”. The Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd Edition). 8/250-252. _______. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. London: Hurst, 2. Basım, 1995. Laoust, Henri. Le Califat dans la doctrine de Rashīd Riḍā: Traduction annotée d’al- ẖilāfa au al-imāma al-‘uzmā (Le Califat ou l’Imāma suprème). (Mémoires de l’Institut Français de Damas; 6). Beirut: Institut Français de Damas, 1938. Larcher, Pierre. “Al-lugha al-fuṣḥa: Archéologie d’un concept ‘idéolinguistique’”. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranneé 124 (2008), 263-278. Laut, Jens Peter. “Chronologie wichtiger Ereignisse im Verlauf der türkischen Sprachreform: Von den Anfängen bis 1983”. Materialia Turcica, 24 (2003), 69-102. _______. Das Türkische als Ursprache? Sprachwissenschaftliche Theorien in der Zeit des erwachenden türkischen Nationalismus. (Turkologica; 44). Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 2000. Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. 2 Cilt. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London ve diğ.: Oxford University Press, 1961. Lewis, Geoffrey. The Turkisch Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. (Oxford Linguistics). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Lowry, Malcolm. Early Islamic Legal Theory: The Risāla of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī. (Studies in Islamic Law and Society; 30). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2007. Mangold, Sabine. “Die Khedival-Bibliothek zu Kairo und ihre deutschen Bibliothekare (1871-1914)”. ZDMG 157 (2007), 49-76. Martin, Richard C. “Inimitability”. The Encyclopedia of Islam. 2/526-536. Masters, Bruce. The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. el-Merrâkuşîşi, Muhammed Sâlih. Tefkîru Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ min hilâli mecelleti’l-menâr, 1898-1935. Tunus ve Cezayir: ed-Dâru’t-tûnisiyye li’n-neşr, 1985. Palmer, M. Reeves. “The Kibla: A Mecca Newspaper”. The Moslem World 7 (1917), 185-190. Patel, Abdurrezzak. The Arab Nahda: The Making of the Intellectual and Humanist Movement. (Edinburgh Studies in Modern Arabic Literature). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Pink, Johanna. Geschichte Ägyptens: Von der Spätantike bis zur Gegenwart. C.H. Beck Paperback; 6163). München: C.H. Beck, 2014. Poullion, François. Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française. Paris: HSMM, 2012. Prätor, Sabine. “Sprache der Religion und Wissenschaft: Anmerkungen zum Arabischlernen im spätosmanischen Istanbul”. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik 25 (1993), 260-269. Reid, Donald Malcolm. Whose Pharaohs? Archeology, Museums and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Reynolds, Michael. “Buffers, not Brethren: Young Turk Military Policy in the First World War and the Myth of Panturanism”. Past and Present 203 (2009), 137-179. Rossi, Ettore. “Il nuovo alfabeto latino introdotto in Turchia”, Oriente Modern 9 (1929), 32-48. Russell, Mona. “Competing, Overlapping and Contradictory Agendas: Egyptian Education Under British Occupation, 1882-1922”. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 21 (2001), 50-60. Ryad, Umar. “Islamic Reformism and Great Britain: Rashid Rida’s Image as Reflected in the Journal Al-Manar in Cairo”. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 21 (2010), 263-285. _______. Islamic Reformism and Christianity; A Critical Reading of the Works of Muhammad Rashīd Riḍā and His Associates (1898-1935). (History of Christian-Muslim Relations; 12). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2009. Scharlipp, Wolfgang-E. Türkische Sprache, arabische Schrift: Ein Beispiel schrifthistorischer Akkulturation. (Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica; 44). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1995. Sharkey, Heather J. American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire. (Jews, Christians and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. Starett, Gregory. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics adn Religious Transformation in Egypt. (Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies; 25). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Strauss, Johann Strauss. “Modernisation, nationalisation, désilamisation: La transformation du turc aux XIXe-XXe siècles”. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerrannée 124 (2008), 135-159. eş-Şâfi‘î, Muhammed b. İdris. er-Risâle. Ed. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir. Kahire: Şirketu mektebeti ve matbaati Mustafâ el-Bâbî el-Halebî, 1357 h [1938]. _______. el-İmâm Muhammed ibn İdris eş-Şâfi‘î’s er-Risâle fî usûli’l-fıkh: Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence, Translated with an Introduction, Notes and Appendices by Majid Khadduri. Majid Khadduri (ed. ve terc.). Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 2. Basım, 1987. Tauber, Eliezer. The Emergence of the Arab Movements. London: Cass, 1993. _______. “Rashīd Riḍā as Pan-Arabist before World War I”. The Muslim World 79 (1989), 102-112. van Ess, Joseph. Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra: Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam. 6 Cilt. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1991-1997. van Leeuwen, Richard. “Mobility and Islamic Thought: The Syrian Journey of Rashid Rida in 1908”. Giuseppe Contu (ed.). Centre and Periphery within the Borders of Islam: Proc. Of the 23rd Congress of l’UEAI. (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta; 207). Leuven: Peeters, 2012, 33-46. Walker, Paul E. “Bāṭıniyya”. The Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Edition), 170-174. Wielandt, Rotraud. Das Bild der Europäer in der modernen arabischen Erzähl- und Theaterliteratur. (BTS; 23). Beirut: Orient-Institut DMG, 1980. Wilson, M. Brett. Translating the Qur’an in an Age of Nationalism: Print Culture and Modern Islam in Turkey. (Qur’anic Studies Series; 11). London: The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2014. ________. “The First Translations of the Qur’ân in Modern Turkey (1924-38)”. IJMES 41 (2009), 419-435. Yeginsu, Ceylan. “Turks Feud over Change in Education”. The New York Times 9.12.2014, A4. Zack, Liesbeth. “Key to Mass Literacy or Professor’s Hobby? Fiske’s Project to Write Egyptian Arabic with the Latin Alphabet”. al-Arabiyya 47 (2014),1-19. Zadeh, Travis. The Vernacular Qur’an: Translation and the Rise of Persian Exegesis. (Qur’anic Studies Series; 7). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Toplam 7 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Çeviri
Yazarlar

Rainer Brunner Bu kişi benim

Çevirmenler

Hilal Livaoğlu Mengüç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Brunner, Rainer. “Lâdînî Latin Alfabesi Milliyetçilik Çağında Reşid Rıza’nın Arapça Ve Türkçe Üzerine Düşünceleri”. İslami İlimler Dergisi. Hilal Livaoğlu MengüçTrc 15/1 (Haziran 2020), 177-208. https://doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.748731.

30505
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